Journal of Pollution Monitoring, Evaluation Studies and Control
Journal Summary: Scope: Publishes in all areas of Pollution Monitoring and Control. ISSN: Print and Online. DOI Prefix: Crossref. Frequency: 4 Issues per year (Mar, Jun, Sept, Dec). Journal model: Open Access. Article Processing Charges: #30,500 for local authors and $30 for international authors. Abstracting & Indexing: Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, Index Copernicus, Crossref, WorldCat. Type of articles: All kinds of articles including book of abstracts and conference proceedings. Review type: Double-blind peer review. License type: CC BY 4.0. Area of coverage: Pollution control, Pollution monitoring, environmental pollution, seafood monitoring, marine pollution, soil pollution. Submission email: ipsjournal2@gmail.com WhatsApp: +234(0)7039618485
Water Quality Index: Important Instrument for Environmental Monitoring of Anambra State Central Senatorial Zone Water Resources
Physicochemical parameters are fundamental indicators for assessing the quality and suitability of water for human consumption and ecological sustainability. This study evaluated selected physicochemical indices to determine the overall status and potability of surface water sources within the study area using water quality index (WQI). The key parameters examined included pH, temperature, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen and phosphate to determine their influence on water quality and microbial proliferation. The results were compared with established permissible limits recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other regulatory bodies to ascertain compliance and potential health implications. The cumulative findings demonstrated noticeable Oraukwu recorded the highest mean temperature (29.50 ± 0.01 °C), whereas Alor showed the lowest value (28.80 ± 0.05 °C). The highest pH was observed in Oba (6.61 ± 0.00), while Idemili North had the lowest pH (5.51 ± 0.02). Total suspended solids were greatest in Nri (9.50 ± 0.02 mg/L) and least in Dunukofia (0.72 ± 0.01 mg/L). Dissolved oxygen peaked in Umudioka (44.50 ± 0.30 mg/L) but was lowest in Awka South (36.50 ± 0.50 mg/L). Biochemical oxygen demand was highest in Nibo (44.80 mg/L). Chemical oxygen demand was highest in Njikoka and lowest in Awka South. Ammoniacal nitrogen was highest in Aniocha, while phosphate concentration was highest in Dunukofia. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among the physicochemical parameters (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the twenty-one sampling sites showed WQI fall under category III (polluted category) and category II (slightly polluted category). The exceeding limits indicated contamination risks, while acceptable values reflected stability. Thus, physicochemical assessment using water quality index supports monitoring, risk evaluation, and sustainable freshwater protection integrity.
Copyright (c) 2026 P. N. Idu, I. F. Okonkwo, B. O. Uba, F. A. Okoli, D. J. Okongwu, E. C. Anaebonam, S. C. Afulukwe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Environmental Pollutant Sediment on Processing Equipment and its Implications for the Nutritive Properties of Detarium microcarpum and Brachystegia eurycoma Seeds
This study examined the impact of environmental pollutants’ sediment on food processing equipment and its effects on Detarium microcarpum and Brachystegia eurycoma seeds processed using Attrition mill, wooden mortar and stone slab. The processed seed samples were examined for trace elements and heavy metals alike, using Agilent FS240AA Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result of the analysis showed Iodine and Zinc were the most predominant mineral elements and heavy metal observed with values at 74.22±3.43mg/kg and 1.46±0.07mg/kg for D. microcarpum (DM) and B. eurycoma (BE) processed with attrition mill. Chromium and Lead were higher in dust sediment with concentration of 15.76±0.57mg/kg and 9.29±0.12mg/kg from Attrition mill Equipment. The average daily dose (ADD) highest peak shows (Zinc, 0.400mg/kg and, 0.350mg/kg in DM, BE), Ingestion Dose (ID) highest peak (Zinc, 1.829mg/kg in DM, and 2.086mg/kg, in BE). Inhalation Dose (ID) highest peak (Zinc, 0.400mg/kg, BE, and 0.351mg/kg, DM). Hazard Quotient (HQ) (Pb, 28.943mg/kg, in both samples). Hazard index (HI) (58.9364mg/kg, DM and 52.1229mg/kg, BE). Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) (Pb, 0.3965mg/kg, in both samples). Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) (0.714mg/kg, BE and 0.807mg/kg, DM). Life Cancer Risk (LCR) (Cd, 0.0287mg/kg, BE and 0.0410mg/kg, DM) Investigation showed that attrition mill processing method raised concerns about long-term exposure to hazardous substances. This study highlights the urgent need for safer processing techniques to mitigate heavy metal contamination while preserving the quality of locally processed food.
Copyright (c) 2026 R. C. Ohiri, U. B. Eze, F. C. Anacletus, S. O. Godwin, Barile Nwikiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Public Policy and Microbial Infection Prevention in Nigerian Rural Development Initiatives
Public policy plays a pivotal role in shaping health outcomes related to microbial infections, particularly among rural populations in low- and middle-income countries. In Nigeria, rural communities face disproportionately high burdens of microbial diseases due to limited access to healthcare, poor water and sanitation infrastructure, and weak public health systems. This review examines how public policy frameworks—spanning health, agriculture, water and sanitation, education, and community development—contribute to the prevention and control of microbial infections in rural Nigeria. It explores existing policies targeting infectious disease surveillance, immunization, maternal and child health services, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) action plans, and infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies within rural development initiatives. The analysis identifies strengths and limitations in implementation, highlighting policy gaps, resource constraints, and governance challenges that hinder effective infection prevention in rural settings. Particular attention is given to the intersection of policy formulation and grassroots execution, including the roles of community health workers, local government authorities, and traditional institutions. The review draws on recent evidence from Nigerian states demonstrating both successful interventions and persistent challenges. It concludes with evidence-based recommendations for strengthening intersectoral policy coherence, expanding rural healthcare infrastructure, improving WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) coverage, and enhancing community engagement to reduce the burden of microbial infections and promote sustainable rural development. The integration of public health policy with rural development strategies is essential for fostering resilient, equitable, and infection-resilient communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anthony Ejue Egberi, James Kodilichukwu Anekwe, Obioma Davison Mbanefo, Madumelu H. C. Madubueze, Nnamdi Michael Nwadiogbu, Chukwuebuka Stanley Elemuo, Ngozi N. Joe-Ikechebelu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Public Sector Governance and Microbial-Based Sustainable Waste Management Strategies in Nigeria
This comprehensive review examines the potential of microbial biotechnology as a sustainable waste management solution within Nigeria's public administration framework. Nigeria faces severe waste management challenges, with only 9-12% of generated waste being recycled or incinerated, and approximately 90% of wastewater discharged untreated into the environment. These deficiencies contribute significantly to environmental pollution, public health risks, and ecological degradation. Microbial-based approaches—including bioremediation, anaerobic digestion, and engineered microbial consortia—offer transformative potential for converting organic waste into valuable resources like biogas, biofertilizers, and bioplastics, while aligning with circular economy principles. However, implementation is hindered by infrastructural deficits, unreliable power supplies, financial constraints, inadequate regulatory frameworks, and sociocultural barriers. This review analyzes current waste management practices, evaluates microbial biotechnology applications, identifies integration challenges within Nigerian public administration, and proposes a multidimensional implementation framework incorporating technological innovation, policy reform, institutional capacity building, and community engagement to achieve Sustainable Development Goals 6 (clean water and sanitation) and 11 (sustainable cities).
Copyright (c) 2026 Nnamdi Michael Nwadiogbu, James Kodilichukwu Anekwe, Obioma Davison Mbanefo, Madumelu H. C. Madubueze, Anthony Ejue Egberi, Chukwuebuka Stanley Elemuo, Ngozi N. Joe-Ikechebelu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Persistence of Vibrio cholerae in Water Sources: A Study of Physical Properties and Contamination Patterns in Major Streams at Uli Community
Shigella species are a significant cause of diarrheal diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains has necessitated the search for alternative antibacterial agents and understanding of the epidemiology of Shigella infections. This study aimed to isolate and characterize Shigella species from stool samples and determine their molecular identities. Stool samples were collected and cultured on Deoxychocolate citrate agar (DCA) for isolation of Shigella species. The isolates were characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The study revealed that 42% of the samples were positive for Shigella species, with sample O showing the highest occurrence (70%). The isolates exhibited characteristic cultural, morphological, and biochemical features, and were identified as Shigella dysenteriae strains SD53, SD07, and SDBU. SD53 was the most prevalent strain (55.36%). The study provides insights into the epidemiology of Shigella infections and highlights the importance of molecular characterization of isolates for understanding the spread of antibiotic-resistant strains. This study generates data on the occurrence and molecular characteristics of Shigella species in stool samples, which can inform public health strategies and antibiotic stewardship.
Copyright (c) 2026 I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, V. E. Ike, B. C. Unaeze, A. G. Ofuani, P. A. Nnagbo, C. A. Mere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Health Risks of Shigella-Contaminated Borehole Water in Awka Metropolis
Copyright (c) 2026 B. C. Unaeze, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, P. A. Nnagbo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Sanitation and Risk Factors of Indiscriminate Refuse Disposal among Undergraduate Students of Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State
Sanitation in the environment is one of the greatest concerns on the overall health of the population in the university setting as a result of population density and generation of solid waste. In 2020, 2.24 billion tonnes of municipal solid waste was produced and projections suggest that it could reach up to 3.4 billion tonnes annually as of 2050 and that only approximately 19-20% of this waste is formally recycled. Unselective dumping of refuse by the undergraduate students is one of the reasons that lead to environmental degradation and increases the chances of developing sanitation related illnesses within the campus. The objective of this study was to determine the level of environmental sanitation and investigate the risk factors that affect careless disposal of refuse among undergraduate students. The study used a cross-sectional descriptive research design. Undergraduate students of five faculties of Adekunle Ajasin University were used as the target population, and the sample size of the respondents was 210 people, who were obtained through non-probability sampling methods. A structured interviewer-administered questionnaire on cognitive knowledge about environmental sanitation, personal waste disposal behaviour, peer-related social norms and waste disposal infrastructure were used to collect data. The analysis of data was performed in terms of descriptive and inferential statistics, and chi-square tests were carried out at the level of significance of 0.05. The mean age of respondents was 27.36 ± 7.74 years A majority of respondents demonstrated adequate cognitive understanding of environmental sanitation and refuse-related health risks, and chi-square analysis showed a significant association between knowledge and indiscriminate refuse disposal (χ² = 24.784, df = 12, p < 0.05). Personal waste disposal behaviours were also significant predictors, with a strong association observed between habitual disposal practices and indiscriminate dumping (χ² = 48.156, df = 12, p < 0.05). Peer-related social norms significantly influenced refuse disposal behaviour, as evidenced by a chi-square value of 48.156 at 12 degrees of freedom (p < 0.05). Structural inadequacy of waste disposal infrastructure was likewise significant, with limited availability and irregular waste collection strongly associated with indiscriminate disposal practices (χ² = 37.427, df = 12, p < 0.05). The findings confirm that indiscriminate refuse disposal among undergraduate students is significantly influenced by cognitive, behavioural, social, and infrastructural factors. It is recommended that university authorities strengthen environmental sanitation education, implement behaviour-focused interventions targeting routine disposal practices, promote positive peer-led sanitation norms, and improve waste management infrastructure through adequate bin provision and regular waste collection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olamide Toyin Oluwajobi, Stephen Ileoye Aina, James Success Odubia, Kolawole Quadril Akinbade, Arajulu Gbenga Abraham, Abiola Olalekan Aminu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Production of Biosurfactant by Yeast Strains Isolated from Fruit Pastes and their Biodegradative Potential on Waste Engine Oil
Oil pollution and remediation technology have become a global phenomenon of increasing importance. Most of the hydrocarbons are insoluble in water and their degradation using microorganisms has an important role in combating environmental pollution. This study was undertaken to evaluate the production of biosurfactant by a yeast strain isolated from fruit pastes and its biodegradative potential on waste engine oil. Yeast strains were isolated from ripe pineapple (Ananas comosus) and unripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) pastes and screening for their biosurfactant potentials using emulsification test. Gravimetric method using N – hexane as extractive solvent was employed in determining the biodegradative potentials of the yeast consortium and their biosurfactants on waste engine oil contaminated soil and seawater, respectively. The result revealed that a total of 10 strains of yeast were isolated from the fruit pastes. The yeast strain PA4 had the highest emulsification activity of 37.50 % while yeast strain PA1 had the lowest emulsification activity of 23.52 %, respectively. The lowest percentage oil removal values of 22.0, 43.8, 57.2 and 79.4 % were obtained at day 1 while the highest percentage oil removal values of 97.4, 94.0, 96.0 and 96.2 % were obtained at day 60 in all the polluted soil treatments, respectively with non - significant differences (p > 0.05) detected among the means of different treatment conditions and remediation period in comparison to the control setup. Also, the lowest percentage oil removal values of 11.2, 20.40, 52.8 and 73.2 % were obtained at day 1 while the highest percentage oil removal values of 84 .0, 85.8, 80.2 and 84.0 % were obtained at day 30 in all the polluted seawater treatments, respectively with significant differences (p < 0.05) detected among the means of different treatment conditions and remediation period in comparison to the control setup. The biodegradation data fit well into pseudo first order kinetic model and value of the kinetic parameter showed that the degree of effectiveness of these bioremediation strategies in the cleanup of soil contaminated with waste engine oil is in the following order: C3 < C2 < C1 < Co while the cleanup of seawater contaminated with waste engine oil is in the following order: Co < C3 < C2 < C1, respectively. Thus, yeast consortium and the biosurfactants produced, besides being obtained from low cost substrates, revealed effectiveness in the clean-up and dispersion of waste engine oils in soil and seawater, allowing the replacement of physical and chemical treatment agents with environmental friendly agents. The study has also helped to bridge the gap of knowledge on isolation of biosurfactant producing yeast strains from non – polluted sources.
Copyright (c) 2026 B. O. Uba, P. I. Udaba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of the Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management Methods in Enugu Metropolis, Nigeria
Solid waste management (SWM) is a growing concern in rapidly urbanizing Nigerian cities. In Enugu Metropolis, the persistence of open dumping, irregular collection, and low levels of awareness has led to increased environmental hazards and disease outbreaks. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness of SWM methods in Enugu metropolis. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed. Using multistage sampling, 384 residents from diverse locations such as markets, households, health centers, and universities were selected. Data were collected through interviewer-administered questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and means) and inferential statistics (Chi-square tests) were used to interpret findings. The result of the study showed that most (55.5%) of the respondents were females and majority (25.0%) were within the age group of 26-35 and 41.3% had tertiary level of education, while majority were traders (31.3%). 44.2% of respondents never segregated their waste, while only 23.9% reported doing so consistently. Solid waste was mostly stored in sacks (34.5%) and collected primarily by government agencies (37.6%). Although 37.6% reported daily waste collection, 11.6% stated that waste was never collected in their area. Perceived problems included overflowing waste bins (16.1%) and air pollution from burning (11.1%). Environmental impacts were widely reported, with 77.4% observing pollution-related problems - especially land pollution (22.6%) and blocked drainage causing flooding (19.1%). Health problems linked to poor waste management were reported by 68.2% of respondents, with gastrointestinal diseases (23.0%), skin infections (21.3%), and malaria (20.5%) being most common. While only 45.5% of respondents were aware of proper waste management practices, awareness was significantly associated with higher levels of compliance (χ² = 176.644, p < 0.001). Solid waste management practices in Enugu Metropolis are still largely ineffective due to poor waste segregation, irregular collection, and low public awareness. Although some residents perceive current efforts as somewhat effective, widespread environmental and health risks remain.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chidinma Cecilia Chilota, Emmanuel A. Nwobi, David Tyover Kajo, Blaise Ahanna Okorie, Ugochi Mgbechi Okorie, Jighjigh Friday Gudu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of Heavy Metals In Abandoned Mine Sites Of Jos-South, Plateau State, Nigeria
Soil forms an integral part of our agricultural resources and plays an important role in the production of foods and its security. Agricultural lands have become increasingly contaminated by organic, inorganic and metallic pollutants. Metals are introduced into the environment through weathering of rock, mining activities and waste from industries. Phytoremediation is the use of plant species mainly in the remediation of environmental contamination. It is an emerging technology that is non-invasive, cost-effective and it is environmentally friendly. The study aimed to evaluate heavy metals concetntrations in abandoned mine sites of Jos-South, Plateau State, Nigeria. Soil samples from among the native plant species surrounding the abandoned mine areas were collected and analyzed for total concentrations of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and copper using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The result indicated that the lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and copper contents in the soil samples were 1050-11570, 50-5160, 30-3165, 1120-46293.33 and 3506.67-38376.67mg/kg, with average contents of 5148.75, 2072.25, 1300.29, 16522.58 and 15114.12mg/kg respectively. The variation indexes of lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and copper were 58.49%, 65.25%, 68.44%, 57.84% and 54.99% respectively. Various other concentrations were also identified in the samples. Therefore, the study recommends the use of phytoremediation plants in areas of Jos- South Plateau, Nigeria to remove and stabilize heavy metals in the mining area.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bilikisu Anike Oyewole, Jonathan Dabak, Titilayo O Johnson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Pesticides on Soil Microbes and the Consequent Legal Implications
Soil microbial communities are the cornerstone of terrestrial ecosystem functioning, driving essential processes such as nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition, soil structure formation, and carbon sequestration. The extensive application of pesticides in modern agriculture represents a significant anthropogenic pressure on these non-target organisms. This comprehensive review synthesizes current scientific evidence on the impacts of insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides on the diversity, composition, and functional capacity of soil microbial communities. We detail the complex, compound-specific effects, which range from acute toxicity and community shifts to induced microbial resistance and the disruption of symbiotic relationships. The review further explores how these biological impacts create a cascade of ecological consequences, ultimately affecting soil health, fertility, and agricultural sustainability. Critically, this paper argues that existing environmental legal frameworks, particularly pesticide registration procedures like those under the US Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the EU Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, are inadequately equipped to assess and mitigate these complex microbial impacts. We identify significant gaps in regulatory testing requirements, which often prioritize acute toxicity to earthworms over comprehensive, long-term assessments of microbial community structure and function. The paper concludes by proposing a roadmap for legal and regulatory modernization, advocating for the integration of advanced molecular techniques (e.g., metagenomics, metatranscriptomics) into regulatory risk assessment, the adoption of more sophisticated soil health indicators, and the development of policies that incentivize the preservation of soil microbiome services for long-term agricultural resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 I. P. Nwakoby, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, N. E. Nwakoby, M. A. Idigo, V. E. Ike https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microbial Contamination in Occupational Environments: Legal and Occupational Medicine
This comprehensive review examines the complex issue of microbial contamination in occupational settings, highlighting the risks to worker health and legal implications for employers. A systematic literature search was conducted using multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and legal databases. The review reveals that occupational microbial exposures are prevalent across various sectors, including healthcare, agriculture, and office environments, leading to health effects such as allergic reactions, toxic responses, and infectious diseases. Employers have a general duty to provide a safe workplace under statutes like the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), and liability can arise under workers' compensation systems, tort law, and specific regulations. To manage occupational microbial contamination, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary, including proactive risk assessment, implementation of controls, and medical surveillance. From a legal perspective, prevention and documentation are key to mitigating liability. The review highlights the need for more precise exposure limits for biological agents and legal clarity on emerging pathogens and long-term exposure effects. By understanding the interconnected issues of microbial hazards, health outcomes, and legal frameworks, occupational physicians, industrial hygienists, legal professionals, and policymakers can work together to create safer workplaces and reduce liability.
Stream Water Quality Assessment: Antibiotic Resistance of Lac-Positive Enteric Bacterial Isolates
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacterial species in stream water poses a significant threat to public health, potentially leading to waterborne outbreaks and complicating treatment options. This study aims to assess the antibiotic resistance patterns of enteric bacterial species isolated from stream water, informing strategies to mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance and protect public health. A total of 100 stream water samples were collected, and screened for lactose-positive enteric bacterial isolates using standard microbiological techniques. The results revealed four bacterial species: Escherichia coli O157:H7, Escherichia coli JKHS016, Klebsiella pneumoniae 2014C06-125, and Klebsiella pneumoniae Kp2092. The antibiotic susceptibility testing showed that 42.76% of the isolates were resistant to conventional antibiotics, while 57.24% were susceptible. Notably, 34.48% of the resistant strains exhibited single antibiotic resistance, and 65.52% displayed multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR). Statistical analysis using the student "t" test, correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed the significance (p ≤ 0.05) of these findings. This study highlights the significant prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Enteric bacterial species in stream water, with 42.76% of isolates resistant to conventional antibiotics and 65.52% displaying multiple antibiotic resistance. The findings emphasize the need for strategies to mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance, protect public health, and ensure safe water sources to prevent waterborne outbreaks.
Copyright (c) 2025 V. E. Ike, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, C. N. Dim, J. N. Ezendianefo, P. A. Egbe, I. P. Oragwu, C. C. Orji, O. C. Ogbonnaya, U. F. Onwuasoanya, F. O. Okereke, S. C. Ochibulu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Influence of Untreated Noodle Wastewater on Physicochemical, Enzymatic and Bacteriological Dynamics of Soil
The study was designed to determine the influence of untreated noodle wastewater on physicochemical, enzymatic, and bacteriological dynamics of soil. The methodology of physicochemical analysis involved APHA standard, while plant growth indices, enzyme assays, and bacteriological analyses were determined using standard microbiological techniques. The results revealed that almost all the physicochemical characteristics of the untreated noodle effluent and irrigated soil samples were found to be higher than the permissible levels according to WHO (2004) and FEPA (1996) standards. The results revealed significant (p < 0.05) increases in the mean height and leaf numbers relative to their controls of maize crop, while there were non-significant (p > 0.05) increases in the wet and dry weight during irrigation at increasing concentrations of the untreated noodle effluent. The lead metal (Pb) had the highest value of 0.46 ± 0.02, while zinc metal had the least value of 0.15 ± 0.03 absorbed in the maize plant at 100% contamination levels and were above acceptable limits. The results showed non-significant (p > 0.05) changes in the soil urease activity ranging from 4.80–21.40 mg/g; 18.00–34.20 mg/g in the soil phosphatase activity; 1.68–13.96 mg TPH/g/h in the soil dehydrogenase activity; and 0.21–0.30 mol/L in the soil catalase activity, respectively. Bacteriological profiling showed non-significant (p > 0.05) reductions in the rhizobia bacterial count ranging from 185–7.10 × 10³ CFU/g and 15.7–5.50 × 10³ CFU/g in the actinomycetes count, while there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the phosphate-solubilizing bacterial count ranging from 17.50–9.8 × 10³ CFU/g, respectively, after the 8 weeks from 0%–100% noodle effluent contaminations. Therefore, noodle industry effluent at various concentrations influences soil physicochemical, enzymatic, and bacteriological properties and seed germination and seedling growth of Zea mays studied.
Copyright (c) 2025 O. C. Okolo, B. O. Uba, V. E. Ike https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cross-Sectional Study of Salmonella Species among Ready-To-Eat Fruit Salads
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi, commonly found in fruit salads, poses significant public health concerns due to its role in human infections and antibiotic resistance. Notably, approximately 80% of its resistance genes are plasmid-encoded, facilitating the spread of resistance and complicating treatment efforts. This cross-sectional study investigated the prevalence of enteric Salmonella species in ready-to-eat fruit salads sold in Uli community. A total of 100 samples were randomly collected from various hawkers and screened using standard microbiological techniques. The results revealed that 58.00% of the samples were positive for Salmonella serovar Typhi. Specifically, three strains were identified: Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi strain CMCST (STCM), Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi strain WG51146 (STWG), and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi strain R192829 (STR1). The occurrences of these strains were 31.03%, 24.14%, and 44.83%, respectively. Statistical analysis showed a significant presence of Salmonella serovar Typhi in the fruit salads. Notably, isolate STWG was the most predominant strain. The study's findings emphasize the importance of personal hygiene, community education, and proper fruit handling practices to control the transmission of Salmonella species. The high prevalence of Salmonella serovar Typhi in fruit salads poses a significant risk to public health, highlighting the need for effective interventions. This study's results can inform public health strategies to mitigate the risk of Salmonella infections in Uli community.
Copyright (c) 2025 A. O. Ekesiobi, C. M. Iheukwumere, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. E. Ejike, C. C. Ilechukwu, V. E. Ike, C. C. Ikejiaku, F. O. Okereke, S. C. Ochibulu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Upshot of Urine on Beneficial Soil Bacteria
Nigeria's soil quality is compromised by human activities, disrupting nutrient cycles and affecting soil health. While pollutants harm soil fertility, certain sustainable practices can enhance soil quality by promoting beneficial bacteria and nutrient retention, highlighting the need for balanced human interaction with the soil ecosystem.. This study investigates the impact of urine contamination on soil quality, specifically focusing on nutrient-cycling bacteria. Thirty composite soil samples were collected from urinating sites in Uli community using a sterile soil auger. The samples were analyzed for Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria (NFB) and Phosphate-Solubilizing Bacterial Count (PSBC) using standard plate techniques.The total heterotrophic bacterial count (THBC) and nitrifying bacterial count (NBC) were enumerated, with results showing significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase as compared to non-impacted soil. Bacterial isolates were characterized based on morphology, microscopy, and biochemical characteristics. The study identified Gram-negative rods, including Pseudomonas and Klebsiella species, as well as Gram-positive Micrococcus species. Notably, there was an increase in NFB and PSBC in impacted soil samples.The findings suggest that urine contamination in soil enhances microbial activities, leading to increased soil fertility. This study highlights the potential benefits of urine as a natural fertilizer, promoting nutrient-cycling bacteria and improving soil quality. The results have implications for sustainable agriculture and waste management practices.
Copyright (c) 2025 A. O. Ekesiobi, C. M. Iheukwumere, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. E. Ejike, C. C. Ilechukwu, V. E. Ike, F. O. Okereke, S. C. Ochibulu, C. F. Agbaugo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quotidian of Substantial Strain of Shigella dysenteriae among Ready-To-Eat Fruit Salad Sold in Uli Community
Shigella species; a dominant species found in ready-to-eat fruit salads, has been receiving drastically attention not only in causing human infections, but also for its involvement in antibiotic resistant, of which 80% of this resistant genes are encoded in the plasmid. This study was undertaken to evaluate the one-time-sampling study of Shigella dysenteriae among ready - to- eat fruit salads sold in Uli community. Samples were randomly collected from different vendors from different locations in Uli community using standard microbiological techniques. The prevalence of the different strains encountered in the samples were also determined. The study revealed the presence of S. dysenteriae strain 53-3937 (SD53), S. dysenteriae strain 07-3308 (SD07), S. dysenteriae strain BU53W (SDBU), of which 36.00% were positive for Shigella species and the occurrences of SD53, SD07 and SDBU were 50.00%, 19.44%, 30.56% respectively. From the above study, different strains of Shigella species were isolated from ready – to – eat fruit salads sold at Uli community, of which isolate SD53 was predominant strain in the study samples. The findings have shown that the ready - to - eat fruit salad samples studied were contaminated by Shigella species.
Copyright (c) 2025 I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, A. O. Obianom, C. H. Nnadozie, F. O. Okereke, U. F. Onwuasoanya, O. E. Udeagbara, B. C. Unaeze, O. H. Obiefuna, V. E. Ike, N. N. Onyemekara, U. A. Ihenatuoha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Petroleum Effluents on Eleme River in River State Nigeria
The study is aimed at effect of petroleum effluents on Eleme River in River State, Nigeria. The objectives of the study are to carryout questionnaire and field investigation to know what lead to the petroleum contamination of Eleme River, to carryout person moment correlation calculation and T- distribution Test to know if these problem found out in field investigation and questionnaire are actually in existence, to prepare Bill of Engineering Measure and Evaluation (BEME) for the Eleme River water resource development projects, etc. The study investigated the following problem:- Mismanagement of petroleum exploration disaster management funds allocated to Rivers State Ministry of Environment, Lack of government control measures on petroleum exploration and exploitation in Eleme community of River state Nigeria, Social unrest due to petroleum effluent degradation of the environment etc. In the methodology two sets of questionnaire were obtained, one was questionnaire distributed to the local government workers and staff of River State Ministry of Environment and the other for residents in the study area. The work recommends that State Government should place a law that Industrial waste must be treated adequately before disposing it to the receiving waters so as not to contaminate the water bodies which the host community uses for domestic purposes, etc. The contribution to knowledge is such that this work provides an organized baseline for future work, mainly in providing solution to petroleum effluent contamination of rivers as it regards to Eleme Local Government of River State, Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2025 I. O. Okafor, N. C. Mmonwuba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Impact and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Flood Water Intrusion in Domestic Boreholes and Well Water Quality in Isoko North Local Government Area and Environs in Delta State, Nigeria
Environmental impact and water quality characteristics of flood water intrusion in domestic boreholes and well water quality were investigated with the view to determining the extent of pollution. Parameters such as physic-chemical, heavy metal and micro-biological content were tested for and their impact identified. This research was based on the hydro-geo-pollution cycle as these chemical elements return back to man eventually through the process of bio-accumulation. The water samples from boreholes and wells had high levels of dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and heavy metals, particularly Pb2+ and Fe+, according to a physico-chemical examination. Analysis was made possible by mapping the GPS-measured locations of the fifteen sample sites onto the topography plan of the research region. WHO and NSDWQ, responsible for drinking water standards were contrasted with findings to determine any differences. The water sample has a "VI" grade on the Heavy Metal Index calculation scale, indicating a "Seriously Affected" water distribution mechanism, due to a substantial amount of heavy metals, especially Pb2+ and Fe2+.The study shows that in some areas, the flood water intrusion for physico-chemical parameters is predominant as evident in some of the samples as against others. This means therefore, that the flood water influences the physic-chemical, heavy metal and micro-biological concentrations of the groundwater quality of the affected areas, either through direct inflow into the water supply system, or through the process of elluviation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jacob Meye, Michael N. Oyem, Akpomrere Rufus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Geospatial Analysis of Heavy Metal Intrusion in Groundwater Resources of Isoko North Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria
This study compared the regional variations of heavy metal intrusion in subterranean water resources of Isoko North Local Government Area, Delta State, using ten (10) spatially distributed boreholes. The data were subjected to the Heavy Metal Index (HMI) technique to determine the significant contamination rate (with the World Health Organization Standard and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality as the control variables). The investigation revealed that lead (Ppm) values ranged from 0.11 to 0.18, with higher concentrations in Owhelogho (0.18), Iyede (0.18), and Ellu (0.17). The Iron (Ppm) value ranges from 0.31 to 0.43, with all locations having significant values slightly higher than the WHO and NSDWQ norm of 0.3. The heavy metal index test yielded a class "II" grade, suggesting the presence of lead and iron oxide in trace amounts. The groundwater potentials and vulnerability assessment level results were validated using the AHP Pairwise analysis program. Rainfall, height, slope, drainage density, lineament density, land use land cover (LULC), and geology are among the components evaluated. It is significant to highlight that rainfall, accounting for 25.88%, and geology, accounting for 23.79%, are the two primary influencing elements in heavy metal contamination of groundwater in the area. The area's vulnerability model, created using a GIS-based weighted overlay, shows 75.5% of the area to be highly vulnerable, 17.22% moderately vulnerable, and 7.29% lowly vulnerable.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michael N. Oyem, Jacob Meye, Hector Henry Oyem, Ufuoma E. Ogbijara, Samson O. Okpo, Akpomrere Rufus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Effect of Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) on Wastewater Quality
Industrial wastewater, particularly brewery wastewater contains high-strength organic, inorganic, and biological compounds which are harmful to the environment. Different technologies such are employed towards treating brewery wastewater before discharge into water bodies, but biological method has proven to be more environmental-friendly, cost-effective and easier to operate. This research project assessed the impact of biological nutrient removal (BNR) on wastewater quality, and it involved laboratory scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR), operated in a cyclic aerobic-anaerobic set-up inoculated with activated sludge to remove orthophosphates and nitrate compounds. Raw brewery wastewater samples were collected from Awo-Omama brewery plant of Nigerian Breweries Plc, Imo State, Nigeria. They were analyzed using standard methods described by American Public Health Association (APHA) to determine the removal efficacies of orthophosphates (PO43-), ammoniacal-nitrogen (NH3-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total nitrogen (TN), total organic nitrogen (TON), total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and NO3-N+NO2-N. Results revealed that 69% PO43-, 69% NH3-N, 59% TKN, 60% TN, 64% TON, 67% TIN and 56% NO3-N+NO2-N. These removal efficacies were attained for a hydraulic retention time of 18 hours for both SBRs with a solids retention time of 5 days for SBR-1 and 7 days for SBR-2. Findings of this study showed that the cyclic aerobic-anaerobic set-up on a laboratory scale SBR, inoculated with activated sludge for treatment of brewery wastewater for biological nutrients was feasible. It is recommended that investigation on BNR using brewery wastewater with a well-balanced C: N: P ratio should be done to improve BNR efficacies.
Nitrogen removal (organic and inorganic)
Copyright (c) 2024 Nnwanneka Chibuzo Mmonwuba, Arinze Uwanuakwa, Lucky Nwafor, Muodebelu Vitalis Chidiebere, Chinyere Nwosu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Environmental Impact Assessments through AI-Driven App: App Review of the EIA Report for Proposed Erection of High Communication Towers in Obajana, Kogi State, Nigeria
This study addresses the growing need for innovative solutions in Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs), particularly in light of increasing infrastructure development and environmental concerns. By integrating advanced technology, such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), into the EIA process, the study aims to enhance data accuracy and stakeholder engagement, ultimately improving environmental governance. It explores the integration of an AI-driven EIA Review App to enhance the evaluation of EIA reports, focussing on a project involving the installation of two 45-meter lattice towers in Obajana, Kogi State, Nigeria. The app was utilised to assess air quality and identify significant environmental impacts, including alterations to the soil profile. While the app's data revealed that air quality generally met acceptable standards, it identified elevated particulate matter (PM) levels at two monitoring stations, signalling localised pollution concerns. The EIA study employed data acquisition, impact assessment, and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) development, incorporating stakeholder feedback throughout the process. The primary environmental impact identified was the alteration of soil profiles across all project phases. The app's ability to pinpoint critical environmental concerns, combined with its capacity to engage stakeholders and ensure regulatory compliance, underscores its potential to revolutionise the preparation and evaluation of EIAs. The findings highlight the importance of continuous monitoring and proactive mitigation efforts to maintain environmental quality. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the application of AI in environmental governance, offering a novel approach to improving EIA processes through advanced technology.
Copyright (c) 2024 Lawal Adegboyega, Biodun Temilorun Gbolahan, Ijeoma Vincent-Akpu, Godfrey Ngozi Woke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Groundwater Implications of Water Pollution in Pakistan: A Review on Sustainable Environmental Management of Solid Waste
Water pollution is a significant environmental challenge in Pakistan, with direct implications for both public health and the economy and finding sustainable management solutions are paramount to the wellbeing of the country. This review examines the sources and effects of water contamination, particularly focusing on groundwater, which is vital for the country’s population. Various pollutants, including heavy metals, pathogens, and chemical effluents, have rendered a large portion of Pakistan’s surface and groundwater unsafe for human consumption. The review underscores the role of industrialization, outdated waste management practices, and rapid urbanization as major contributors to this crisis. Addressing these challenges requires the adoption of sustainable waste management practices, with a focus on the 3Rs—Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. Furthermore, community engagement and awareness campaigns are crucial to fostering a culture of environmental responsibility. It was realized that improving solid waste management, promoting sustainable practices, and implementing stricter regulations, is capable of mitigating the harmful effects of water pollution. Most significantly, the study offers valuable insights for policymakers, environmental engineers, and researchers aiming to develop more sustainable water management solutions in Pakistan. Innovative approaches, such as the use of nanomaterial’s for pollutant removal and advanced wastewater treatment technologies, are proposed as viable solutions for enhancing water quality and protecting groundwater resources.
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Asif, Mahmood Laghari, Kishan Chand Mukwana, Siraj Hussain, Imran Bashir, Mohammad Siddiqque, Minza Igunda Selele, Mohammed Abdulrahim, Zidani Danladi Ahmed, Mohammad Hasnain, Abdulhalim Musa Abubakar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Attitude of Rumueme Community towards Solid Waste Management in Obio-Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State
The study focused on attitude of Rumueme Community towards solid waste management in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State. Introduction: Waste management is one of the most pressing environmental challenges faced by urban and rural areas globally. Solid waste is described as all the wastes arising from human and animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded as useless or unwanted. Methodology: The study used a descriptive survey study design with a sample size of 150 which are selected through simple random sampling techniques. A structured questionnaire were used as an instrument for data collection, while SPSS, frequency tables and simple percentage was adopted for data analysis. Result: The findings of the study indicated Rumueme Community residents’ exhibit poor attitude towards solid waste management. Another finding of the study revealed that there are associated effects of poor solid waste management, hence the effects in the study area is high. Also, the study showed that methods of controlling solid waste in Rumueme Community is inadequate and uncommendable in all ramifications. Conclusion: A good population of habitants in Rumueme Community exhibit improper habit of solid waste management and this is due to lack of knowledge on good solid waste management and its effects on human health, hence awareness on the importance of good solid waste management should be organized for the inhabitants of the study area to enhance their knowledge and attitude towards solid waste control and management.
Copyright (c) 2024 Udo Orukwowu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Post-Reclamation Evaluation of Residual Hydrocarbons in Crude Oil Contaminated Soil Using Gas Chromatographic Techniques and Plant Growth Indices
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the post-reclamation of crude oil-contaminated soil using gas chromatographic technique and plant growth indices. Enrichment techniques, turbidometric test, plasmid curing test, classical identification method, gas chromatographic flame ionization detection technique and plant growth indices were carried out using standard procedures. The results indicated that 22 of the isolates were observed to have high pollutant degrading potentials (A600nm > 0.3) due to their crude oil utilization ability. The results also indicated that isolates which were able to degrade crude oil belonged to genera Bacillus, Pseudomanas sp., Ochrobacterium sp. and Enterobacter sp. Moreso, the remediation percentages recorded were 98 %, 80 %, 21 % and 98 %, 78 % and 22 % for the respective crude oil pollution (3 %, 5 % and 10 %) for soil inoculated plasmid borne bacteria whereas soil inoculated with plasmid cured bacterial cultures had 65 %, 52 %, 11 % and 65 %, 50 % and 20 % degradation of the same concentration of the total petroleum hydrocarbon after 60 days for both Phaseolus vulgaris and Glycine max plant seeds, respectively. The remediation percentages in the uninoculated controls include 3 %, 5 %, 10 % and 12 %, 9 % and 5 % across the pollutions for both plant seeds. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in the growth parameters of the leguminous plants like percentage germination, mean plant shoot length, mean plant root length, plant fresh weight and number of root nodules were seen more in the soil microcosms inoculated with plasmid-borne bacteria than microcosm inoculated with culture of plasmid cured bacteria across all crude oil dilutions. Crude oil had a dose-dependent negative effect on the mean bacterial counts of each of the polluted soil containing the two different plants. Thus, the study clearly suggests that the selected hydrocarbon bacterial degraders could be effectively exploited in the remediation of crude oil-polluted sites.
Copyright (c) 2023 Chikelue M. Ifediegwu, Bright O. Uba, Ginika A. Awari, Anulika G. Chukwujekwu, Ifeanyi P. Akaun https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Heavy Metals and PAHs Levels in Aquatic Organisms (Crab, Fish and Crayfish) from Crude Oil Polluted Rivers (Ekpan and Ogunu Rivers), Warri, Delta State, Nigeria
The purpose of this work was to determine level of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in aquatic organisms from crude oil polluted rivers in Warri, Delta State (Ekpan and Ogunu communities) and non-oil exploration site (Agbarho). The aquatic animals (crabs, fish, and crayfish) collected were washed, oven dried separately and homogenized in a blender and stored for analysis. Three replicates of each sample collected were used for analysis. PAHs were determined by Gas Chromatography (GC) with Flame Ionization Detector (FID) while heavy metal contents were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results revealed that the aquatic organisms from Ogunu and Ekpan had high levels of heavy metals and PAHs. The heavy metal contents such as Cadmium, Zinc, Chromium, Mercury, Copper, and Lead of the samples from Ogunu were found to be higher compared to those of Agbarho and Ekpan at p<0.05. The highest levels of PAHs in crabs were found in samples from Agbarho and Ekpan with little significant difference. In fish sample, the highest levels of PAHs were found in samples from Ogunu (0.0244 mg/kg) while the least was found in fish samples from Agbarho (0.014 mg/kg). PAHs levels in crayfish samples was higher in samples from Ogunu. The study generally suggests that samples from Ekpan and Ogunu communities are polluted compared to those from Agbarho with some certain exceptions. The order of pollution was found to be in the following order Ogunu>Ekpan>Agbarho.
Copyright (c) 2022 Jonathan C. Ifemeje, Edward Chukwuemeke Destiny https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Properties of Packaged Water Sold in Imo State, Nigeria
Background: The inadequacy of pipe borne water supplies in urban centres is a growing problem. As a result, communities resort to buying water from vendors. Presently, sachet and bottled water are the major source of drinking water in many households and at work. Aim/Objective: This study is aimed at assessing the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of packaged water (sachet and bottled) sold in Owerri Municipal Council of Imo State, Nigeria. Method: A total number of 24 samples of packaged water (11 sachet and 13 bottled) from several commercial brands sold in the city were selected randomly. These were of two categories: those that are packaged and sealed in bottles by larger factories (13 brands) and those that are sealed in nylon sachets (11 brands) by small scale industries. The samples were subjected to physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis. AAS and analytical quality chemical reagents were used for chemical analyses. Mac Conkey Broth (MB) was used for bacteriological analysis. Results: The results showed that while the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters were within standard limits for drinking water quality guidelines values and bacteriological analysis showed that there were no coliform counts in the bottled water samples but 5% of the 11 samples of the sachet water showed coliform growth. Conclusion: Thus the bottled waters were more satisfactory compared with the sachet ones. Recommendation: The enforcement agencies in the country (e.g. NAFDAC, Ministry of Health) need to get the producers of “packaged water” to comply with the National Drinking Water Guidelines and the communities on their part should be educated and enlightened on the ill effects of patronizing fake vendors of packaged drinking water.
Copyright (c) 2022 O. C. U. Adumanya, C. N. Osuji, S. A. Nwinee, O. C. Ofurum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Biosorption Potentials of Pleurotus tuber-regium (Fr.) Sing in Lead and Cadmium Polluted Soil
Background/Aim: The heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), are often implicated as environmental pollutants. Therefore, the biosorption potential of Pleurotus tuber-regium in lead and cadmium polluted soil was investigated by this work. Methods: Four kilograms of each humus soil sample was weighed into eight different black nursery cellophane bags and polluted with 0.5 g, 1.0 g and 2.0 g of lead and cadmium in triplicate. Pleurotus sclerotia were then planted in these polluted soil samples, and distilled water was added ad libitum. Results: The results showed that the growth performance was dose-related in lead-polluted soil. The Pleurotus tuber regium mushroom in the lead-polluted soil samples indicated a dose-dependent absorbed lead concentration in the results. Cadmium-polluted soil samples did not support the growth of the Pleurotus tuber regium mushroom at the various concentrations of cadmium used after day 30. Therefore, the findings suggest that the Pleurotus tuber regium mushroom and its sclerotia have intrinsic properties for the absorption of lead and cadmium. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the Pleurotus tuber regium mushroom and its sclerotia have intrinsic properties for the absorption of lead and cadmium.
Copyright (c) 2022 O.C.U. Adumanya, B.C. Onwubuche, S.A. Nwinee, G.A. Umensofor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0