A Comprehensive Review of Waterborne Viral Infections and their Public Health Implications

Abstract

Waterborne viral diseases remain a major public health burden and a leading cause of mortality across all age groups, particularly in developing countries where access to safe water and sanitation is limited. These infections commonly manifest as gastroenteritis and are caused by viruses such as hepatitis A and E viruses, poliovirus, rotavirus, coxsackievirus, adenovirus, norovirus, and astrovirus. Clinical symptoms typically include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, fever, fatigue, and, in some cases, jaundice. Transmission occurs predominantly through the faecal–oral route, often via ingestion of contaminated water or food, as well as through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. The persistence and spread of these pathogens are closely linked to poor hygiene practices, inadequate waste disposal, and insufficient water treatment systems. Effective prevention strategies include the provision of clean and safe drinking water, improved sanitation infrastructure, vaccination programs, proper food handling, safe water storage, routine water quality testing, and continuous public health education. Early detection and appropriate clinical management are also essential in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with these infections. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, transmission pathways, clinical manifestations, and pathogenesis of common waterborne viral diseases, alongside current preventive and therapeutic approaches. Addressing this global health challenge requires coordinated efforts from local communities, governments, and international health organizations to implement sustainable interventions and strengthen public health systems.