International Journal of Global Health and Epidemiology
The International Journal of Global Health and Epidemiology (IJGHE) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal dedicated to advancing knowledge on the patterns, causes, and impacts of health and disease across populations worldwide. The journal provides a platform for high-quality research that addresses pressing global health challenges and epidemiological issues, particularly those affecting low- and middle-income countries. IJGHE welcomes contributions from researchers, public health professionals, policymakers, and academics across diverse disciplines. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to: Communicable and non-communicable diseases Maternal, child, and adolescent health Environmental and occupational health Nutrition, food safety, and parasitology Health systems, policy, and implementation research Social and behavioral determinants of health Epidemiological methods, biostatistics, and computational studies Emerging health threats and pandemic preparedness By publishing original research articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, short communications, and policy briefs, IJGHE seeks to bridge the gap between science, practice, and policy. The journal is committed to disseminating evidence that informs global health actions and improves population well-being.
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Otitis Media among School Age Children in Uyo Metropolis
Background: Otitis media (OM) is a major cause of hearing loss and developmental delays that are preventable in children, especially in low- and middle-income nations where healthcare is still a barrier. Although OM is a health issue of public health concern, few statistics on its prevalence and control trends among children of school-age in Nigeria are available. Purpose: This research was done to identify the prevalence of otitis media, the risk factors associated with it, the practices in its management, and the barriers to accessing healthcare services among school-age children in Uyo Metropolis, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study involving 700 children aged 6–12 years who attended the Paediatric Outpatient and ENT clinics of the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH) in the period between September and December 2025. Data were obtained from hospital medical records, clinical otoscopic examination records, and tympanometry data. IBM SPSS version 27 was used to analyze the data, and chi-square tests and logistic regression were applied to find out the significant associations (p < 0.05). Results: The prevalence of otitis media was 12.43% (87/700). The most prevalent one was acute otitis media (54.0%), then otitis media with effusion (26.4%) and chronic suppurative otitis media (19.5%). The risk factors of significant interest were history of upper respiratory tract infections (OR = 2.58, p < 0.001), exposure to household smoke (OR = 2.18, p = 0.002), and overcrowded living conditions (OR = 2.37, p < 0.001). The 37.9% of the parents engaged in self-medication and distance to healthcare facilities (41.4%) and the cost of treatment (39.1%) were the most influential factors that prevent formal healthcare access. Conclusions: Prevalence of otitis media in school-going children in Uyo metropolis is high, with a wide disparity in proper management and access to health care. Parental education, better access to healthcare services, and prevention measures as a part of the public health interventions are urgently required.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dorcas I. Aganin, Abiodun B. Adelowo, Awoseemo B. Aderonke (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Determinants of Vaccine Hesitancy among Pregnant Women with Children Attending Primary Healthcare Centres in Tai Local Government Area, Rivers State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Nigeria immunizes only 31% of children aged 12–23 months fully, and vaccine hesitancy contributes substantially to that gap. Tai Local Government Area (LGA), a predominantly rural Ogoni community in Rivers State, presents particular vulnerabilities — socio-political instability, environmental degradation, and limited infrastructure — yet no empirical evidence on hesitancy prevalence or its determinants exists for this setting. Objective: To determine the prevalence of vaccine hesitancy and identify its determinants among antenatal attendees with children aged 12–24 months at selected Primary Healthcare Centres (PHCs) in Tai LGA, Rivers State. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. Using systematic sampling from antenatal care (ANC) registers at five PHCs (MPHC Nonwa, MPHC Kpite, MPHC Korokoro, MPHC Bunu, and PHC Kira), 396 women were recruited using structured questionnaire adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO). Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) Vaccine Hesitancy Scale assessed sociodemographic characteristics, immunization knowledge, attitudes, and access factors. Chi-square tests examined bivariate associations; binary logistic regression identified independent predictors using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences [SPSS] version 25. Results: The prevalence of vaccine hesitancy was 37.1%. Knowledge was adequate in 71.7% and attitudes were positive in 67.4% of participants. All mothers with negative attitudes were hesitant (100%). Independent predictors of hesitancy were: inadequate knowledge (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.53–8.62, p < 0.001), negative attitude (AOR = 12.78, 95% CI: 3.35–48.79, p < 0.001), neutral attitude (AOR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.75–5.61, p < 0.001), no formal education (AOR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.33–7.13, p = 0.009), distance ≥5 km (AOR = 3.76, 95% CI: 1.72–8.21, p = 0.001), religious/cultural beliefs (AOR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.54–6.15, p = 0.002), and lack of trust in providers (AOR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.32–4.26, p = 0.004). Conclusions: About one in three antenatal attendees in Tai LGA were vaccine hesitant. Inadequate knowledge, neutral attitude, no formal education, distance > 5 km, lack of trust in providers, and socio-cultural beliefs were independent predictors of vaccine hesitancy. Integrated, multi-level interventions delivered through ANC are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gladys Amarachi Chinedum, Ashimi Olufemi Adewale (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Plasmid-Curing Potential of Silkworm-Derived Moricins against Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi from Fish Pond Water
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (ST) remains a major public health concern in Nigeria, with water bodies serving as potential reservoirs for the transmission of multidrug-resistant strains to humans. Despite reports of environmental Salmonella in Anambra State, there is a paucity of data on the molecular identity, resistance profile, and plasmid-mediated resistance of ST from water bodies in Uli community, creating a critical knowledge gap for targeted control. This study aimed to isolate, characterize, and determine the antibiotic resistance and plasmid-curing profiles of ST using silkworm-derived moricins. One hundred fish pond water samples were collected from five locations in Uli, and screened for ST using colonial, morphological, and biochemical tests, followed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion, and plasmid curing was assessed using moricins at concentrations of 30–90%. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tools. The morphological, biochemical and 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed 100% identity to ST strains BKQU3X, R19.2839, ERL082358, 311189_214186, and 311189_256186. Of 72 screened isolates, 49 (68%) were resistant to at least one antibiotic, with ST strains BKQU3X (STBK) showing the highest resistance (86%). SXT, PN, CEP, S, and CPX were most implicated. Curing agent concentration significantly decreased resistance (p < 0.05), with a strong negative dose-response trend. Complete curing was achieved at 80%, with ST strains R19.2839 (STR1) most persistent up to 70%. Multidrug-resistant S. typhi is prevalent in Uli fish pond water, and resistance is largely plasmid-mediated and cu rable at 80% silkworm-derived moricin concentration.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. K. Ezejiegu, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, M. I. Nwachukwu, I. O. Nwachukwu, I. A. C. Mbachu, P. A. Okoye, S. C. Ochibulu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Application of Nursing Ethical Principles in Clinical Practice: Evidence from Undergraduate Nurses in Rivers State University
Background: Ethical principles form the cornerstone of professional nursing practice, guiding nurses in upholding patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, veracity, fidelity, and confidentiality during clinical interactions. Undergraduate nursing students often encounter ethical challenges in clinical postings, yet limited evidence exists on how they apply these principles in resource-constrained settings like Nigeria. Objective: This study assessed the application of nursing ethical principles in clinical practice among undergraduate nursing students at Rivers State University, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed. The population comprised 410 undergraduate nursing students (Years 2–4) in the Department of Nursing Science. Using the Taro Yamane formula, a sample size of 202 was determined, with convenience sampling. Data were collected via a researcher-designed electronic questionnaire (Cronbach’s α = 0.68) over seven days. Analysis utilized SPSS version 27 with descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations). Results: Of 202 distributed questionnaires, 191 (95.6%) were returned. Respondents were predominantly female (67.5%) and under 20 years old (49.2%). The grand mean score for application of ethical principles was 3.35 (SD = 0.75) on a 4-point Likert scale, indicating strong self-reported adherence. Highest scores were for truth-telling (x̄ = 3.42, SD = 0.67), respect for patient rights (x̄ = 3.40, SD = 0.75), and enhancement of care quality (x̄ = 3.40, SD = 0.75). Lower (though positive) scores appeared for autonomy-related items, such as no involuntary admission (x̄ = 3.27, SD = 0.88) and no restraint against will (x̄ = 3.28, SD = 0.80). Conclusion: Undergraduate nursing students at Rivers State University demonstrate high perceived application of ethical principles in clinical practice, reflecting effective ethics education aligned with Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria standards. However, subtle variations in autonomy items suggest potential contextual barriers or emerging moral distress. Findings support curriculum enhancements, including simulation-based ethical training and moral resilience strategies, to better prepare students for real-world dilemmas and promote sustained ethical competence
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleruchi Lenchi Oji, Udo Orukwowu, Boma Iweriso George, Augusta Eleazar Agharandu, Bipbari Precious Makoro (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge of Ethical Principles among Student Nurses at Rivers State University: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Ethical competence is a fundamental requirement in professional nursing practice, as it guides decision-making, promotes patient safety, and ensures adherence to professional standards in healthcare delivery. This study assessed the knowledge of ethical principles among student nurses in the Department of Nursing Science, Rivers State University. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was adopted for the study. The population comprised 410 undergraduate nursing students in Year 2, Year 3, and Year 4, from which a sample size of 202 respondents was determined using the Taro Yamane formula at a 0.05 margin of error. A convenience sampling technique was used to select the participants. Data were collected using a researcher-designed electronic questionnaire, and reliability of the instrument was established using Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient with a value of 0.68. A total of 202 questionnaires were distributed, out of which 191 were properly completed and returned, representing a response rate of 95.6%. Data obtained were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27, employing descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. Findings revealed that 49.2% of the respondents were below 20 years of age, while 67.5% were female. The assessment of students’ knowledge of ethical principles showed mean scores ranging from 3.22 to 3.85, with a grand mean score of 3.39 (SD = 0.74), indicating a high level of knowledge of ethical principles among the respondents. The study concluded that student nurses at Rivers State University possess adequate knowledge of ethical principles necessary for professional nursing practice in line with the standards of the Nursing and Midwifery Council of Nigeria. Continuous reinforcement of ethics education through academic and clinical training is recommended to enhance the application of ethical knowledge in clinical settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bariduduune Gift Giadom, Udo Orukwowu, Aleruchi Lenchi Oji, Rose Olunwa Obele, Boma Iweriso George (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Policy, Regulation, and Governance of Sustainable Microbial Water Treatment Technologies in Nigeria: Pathways Toward SDG 6 Achievement
This comprehensive review examines the current state and future potential of sustainable microbial water treatment technologies for addressing Nigeria's pervasive water quality and access challenges. Nigeria faces a critical public health crisis related to contaminated water sources, with studies revealing that non-potable water constitutes the majority of household supplies in urban and rural areas alike. This analysis synthesizes recent research on microbial contamination levels across Nigerian water systems, evaluates the technical feasibility and sustainability of various biological treatment technologies, and identifies implementation challenges and strategic pathways for integrating these solutions into public water management. The review incorporates evidence from bacteriological assessments of stored river water, sachet water production facilities, and household water sources across multiple Nigerian cities, revealing widespread contamination with pathogenic bacteria including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae. Technological solutions range from low-cost point-of-use systems like biosand filtration and ceramic filters to more advanced community-scale biological treatment processes and innovative locally-developed adsorbents. Significant barriers to implementation include fragmented regulatory frameworks, unreliable electricity supplies, financial constraints, and limited technical capacity. The review proposes a multidimensional implementation strategy that combines appropriate technology selection, policy reform, financial innovation, and community engagement. By integrating sustainable microbial water treatment technologies with supportive governance structures and climate-resilient planning, Nigeria can make substantial progress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (clean water and sanitation for all), while addressing the interconnected challenges of public health protection, environmental sustainability, and economic development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nnamdi Michael Nwadiogbu, James Kodilichukwu Anekwe, Obioma Davison Mbanefo, Madumelu H. C. Madubueze, Anthony Ejue Egberi, Chukwuebuka Stanley Elemuo, Ngozi N. Joe-Ikechebelu (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seroprevalence and Associated Factors of Helicobacter pylori Infection among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care in Onitsha, Southeast Nigeria
Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is highly prevalent in developing countries and has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including hyperemesis gravidarum, iron-deficiency anemia, and preeclampsia. Data among pregnant women in southeastern Nigeria remain limited. Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and its association with socio-demographic, obstetric, symptom-related, and lifestyle factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Onitsha, Southeast Nigeria. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to September 2025 among 125 pregnant women attending an antenatal clinic at a specialist referral hospital in Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria. Venous blood samples were tested for H. pylori antibodies using a rapid immunochromatographic assay. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 26 using Pearson’s chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests (p < 0.05). Results: Seroprevalence was 16.0% (20/125; 95% CI: 10.06–23.62). Higher prevalence occurred among women aged ≥40 years and in the second trimester, but not significantly (p > 0.05). Parity was significantly associated with infection (p = 0.04). A borderline association was observed with frequent spicy or fatty food consumption (p = 0.05). Conclusion: H. pylori infection was present in 16% of pregnant women. Symptom-based screening may underestimate infection burden; larger studies using methods that detect active infection are recommended.
Copyright (c) 2025 Chineze H. Ugwu, Mmesoma S. Emeh, Tochi I. Cookey, Ray N. Izomor, Nwanneka C. Nwozor, Chukwuebuka C. Anene (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence and Demographic Distribution of Subcutaneous Mycoses among Rice Farmers in Ayamelum LGA, Nigeria
Subcutaneous mycoses are chronic fungal infections acquired through traumatic implantation of environmental fungi into the skin and subcutaneous tissues. They predominantly affect rural agricultural populations in tropical regions, where occupational exposure and limited access to healthcare contribute to delayed diagnosis and prolonged morbidity. This study determined the prevalence and demographic distribution of subcutaneous mycoses among rice farmers in Ayamelum Local Government Area (L.G.A.), Anambra State, Nigeria. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 407 rice farmers selected from six towns within the L.G.A. Participants were clinically screened for subcutaneous lesions, and laboratory analyses were performed to confirm fungal infections and identify isolates. Demographic and occupational data were collected using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to determine associations, with significance set at p<0.05. Of the 407 farmers screened, 75 (18.4%) presented with suspected lesions, and 39 (9.6%) were laboratory-confirmed cases. The highest prevalence based on confirmed cases was observed in Omor (100% of suspected cases) and Umumbo (93.8%). Males showed a slightly higher infection rate (53.7%) than females (50%), with Trichosporon asahii significantly more prevalent among males (p<0.05). Farmers aged ≥60 years constituted the highest proportion of affected individuals (26.7%). Lesions were most commonly located at the ankle (37.3%) and limbs (32.0%), and 60% had persisted for more than 12 months. Significant geographic variation (p<0.05) was observed in the distribution of fungal isolates, including Meyerozyma carpophila, Trichosporon asahii, Mucor indicus, and Penicillium brasilianum. The study demonstrates a notable burden of subcutaneous mycoses among rice farmers in Ayamelum L.G.A., with clear occupational and demographic patterns. These findings underscore the need for targeted health education, early diagnostic services, and preventive strategies to reduce disease burden among high-risk agricultural workers in southeastern Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stephen Nnaemeka Ezekwueche, Umedum Chinelo Ursula , Iheukwumere Ikechukwu Harmony , Ifeoma Sandra Anagor, Ike Victor Echezona, Onyeizugbe Chidi Mmaduabuchi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Clarithromycin and Hyalophora cecropia Cecropins: A Combined Strategy against Enteric Fever Pathogens
The growing menace of antibiotic-resistant enteric fever pathogens has undermined treatment effectiveness, demanding novel solutions. Clarithromycin's efficacy is jeopardized by resistance, whereas Hyalophora cecropia cecropins offer promising alternatives. This research tackles the imperative for a synergistic approach, harnessing clarithromycin and cecropins to counter enteric fever, boost treatment success, and curb resistance.S. enterica isolates were characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antibacterial activity of clarithromycin and cecropins was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Three S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi strains CMSCT, R192829 and WGS1146 (STCM, STRL, and STWG) were identified, exhibiting characteristic cultural, morphological, and biochemical features. Clarithromycin showed inhibition zones of 16.46-19.90 mm, while cecropins showed inhibition zones of 14.50-17.90 mm. The combination of clarithromycin and cecropins (CLA+CP) showed significantly higher inhibition zones (25.12-29.93 mm) compared to CLA and CP alone (p < 0.01). The study suggests that combining clarithromycin with cecropins enhances antibacterial activity against S. enterica isolates, providing a potential therapeutic approach against enteric fever. This study generates crucial insights into the antibacterial efficacy of clarithromycin and cecropins against S. enterica, highlighting the potential of combination therapy to combat antibiotic resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 B. C. Unaeze, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Combating Enteric Fever: A Dual Approach with Hyalophora Cecropia Cecropins and Ciprofloxacin
The rising threat of antibiotic-resistant enteric fever pathogens has compromised treatment efficacy, necessitating innovative approaches. Ciprofloxacin's potency is threatened by resistance, while Hyalophora cecropia cecropins show promise as alternative agents. This study addresses the need for a dual approach combining cecropins with ciprofloxacin to combat enteric fever, enhancing treatment outcomes and mitigating resistance. S. enterica isolates were characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin and cecropins was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Three S. enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi strains CMSCT, R192829 and WGS1146 (STCM, STRL, and STWG) were identified, exhibiting characteristic cultural, morphological, and biochemical features. Ciprofloxacin (CPX) showed inhibition zones of 15.76-19.30 mm, while cecropins (CP) showed inhibition zones of 14.50-17.90 mm. The combination of CPX and CP (CPX+CP) showed significantly higher inhibition zones (23.22-29.83 mm) compared to CPX and CP alone. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) among the inhibition zones. The study suggests that combining ciprofloxacin with cecropins enhances antibacterial activity against S. enterica isolates, providing a potential therapeutic approach against enteric fever. This study generates crucial insights into the antibacterial efficacy of cecropins and ciprofloxacin against S. enterica, highlighting the potential of combination therapy to combat antibiotic resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 J. N. Ezendianefo, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, V. E. Ike, C. C. Aniekwu, S. C. Ochibulu, O. Abba, C. A. Mere, P. A. Nnagbo (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Klebsiella pneumoniae Antibiotic Resistance: A Maternal Health Perspective
Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant pathogen threatening maternal health, particularly in developing countries. The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains has worsened treatment outcomes, increasing morbidity and mortality. Limited data exists on K. pneumoniae antibiotic resistance in maternal populations, hindering effective treatment strategies. This study addresses this gap, investigating K. pneumoniae antibiotic resistance patterns in maternal sources to inform evidence-based treatment approaches. This study aimed to characterize K. pneumoniae isolates from maternal sources and determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. Bacterial isolates were obtained from maternal sources and characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Three K. pneumoniae strains KP03, 2014C06-125 and KP2092 (KP03, KP2, and KPK2) were identified, exhibiting characteristic cultural and morphological features. The isolates showed varying levels of resistance to antibiotics, including sulphonamide, amoxicillin, and tetracycline. The overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance was 69.05%, with isolate Y (KP2) showing the highest resistance rate (81.08%). Statistical analysis showed significant differences in resistance patterns among the isolates (p < 0.05). The study highlights the importance of monitoring antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae isolates from maternal sources to inform effective treatment strategies. This study provides valuable data on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant K. pneumoniae in maternal sources, emphasizing the need for judicious use of antibiotics and proper infection control practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 U. F. Onwuasoanya, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, B. C. Unaeze, D. J. Okongwu, O. Abba, P. A. Nnagbo, C. A. Mere (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Haematological Indices of Albino Wistar Rats Treated with Benzimidazole Carbamate Derivative Drug - Albendazole
Anthelmintics are drugs that kill intestinal worms. Due to reported misuse in Africa, especially Nigeria, researchers assessed their impact on hematological parameters using animal models. The study was aimed at assessing haematological indices of albino Wistar rats treated with benzimidazole carbamate derivative drug - albendazole. A total of 52 rats were divided into 4 groups including control and given different doses of albendazole (400 mg, 800 mg, 1600 mg/70 kg) every 3 months for a year. Blood samples were collected and haematogical parameters such as haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cell count and total white blood cell count were determined using standard haematological methods. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis using Microsoft excel version 10. The results of the study revealed that there was no significant difference in all the haematological parameters (haemoglobin, packed cell volume, red blood cell count and total white blood cell count) assayed for (p > 0.05) when all the groups were compared till the 12th month. Thus, the study concluded that albendazole, when taken as prescribed above, might not cause blood-related side effects The data obtained from this study will also contribute additional information on the body of literature on albendazole studies.
Copyright (c) 2025 S. C. Afulukwe (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Determinants of Mental Health Service Utilization among Patients in Model Primary Health Centre, Ozuoba, Obio/Akpor Local Government Area, Rivers State
Background: Mental health challenges remain a major public health concern in Nigeria, yet the utilization of mental health services at the primary care level remains low. Understanding the factors that influence service uptake is essential to improving mental health outcomes and achieving universal health coverage. Objective: This study examined the determinants of mental health service utilization among patients attending the Model Primary Health Centre, Ozuoba, in Obio/Akpor Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, and 133 participants aged 18 years and above were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured, validated questionnaire and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize socio-demographic characteristics, utilization patterns, and factors influencing service uptake. Results: The findings showed that only 32.3% of respondents had ever utilized mental health services, with counseling (30%), psychotherapy (22.6%), and medication (18.8%) being the most accessed services. Lack of awareness (60.2%), financial cost (38.4%), and stigma (31.6%) were the main barriers to utilization, while family support (60.2%) and free or affordable services (56.4%) encouraged service use. Respondents suggested improved awareness campaigns (54.9%) and stigma reduction (30.8%) as strategies to increase utilization. Conclusion: Utilization of mental health services in the study area remains low, largely due to poor awareness, stigma, and economic barriers. Efforts should focus on public education, stigma reduction, and improved access to affordable mental health services at the primary care level.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleruchi Lenchi Oji, Udo Orukwowu, Ofoegbu Brenda Chinecherem, Emordi Nnenna Ali, Simon-Uriah Patricia Atagwung, Azumah Mercy Kelechi, Wama Helen (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Insect-Borne Bacterial Diseases: Epidemiology and Control Measures
Insect-borne bacterial diseases represent a significant and persistent threat to global public health and animal welfare. These diseases, transmitted to humans and animals through the bite of infected arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, and lice, are responsible for substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic burden worldwide. The epidemiology of these pathogens is complex, influenced by a dynamic interplay between the pathogen, the vector, the human or animal host, and the environment. Key factors driving their transmission and distribution include climate change, urbanization, deforestation, international travel, and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major insect-borne bacterial diseases, including plague (Yersinia pestis), Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), murine typhus (Rickettsia typhi), epidemic typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii), and ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia spp.), among others. For each disease, we detail the causative agent, its primary vectors, reservoir hosts, global distribution, and clinical manifestations. The review systematically analyzes the multifaceted epidemiological factors that facilitate disease emergence and spread. Furthermore, it critically evaluates the current arsenal of control measures, encompassing vector-targeted strategies (insecticide application, biological control, environmental management), host-directed approaches (vaccination, chemoprophylaxis), and public health interventions (surveillance, diagnostic improvements, public education). The persistent challenges, such as insecticide resistance, the lack of vaccines for many diseases, and the need for robust One Health approaches, are discussed. Finally, the review explores future directions, emphasizing the importance of integrated vector management, novel technological advances in vector control, and the critical need for enhanced global collaboration to mitigate the growing burden of these formidable diseases.
Copyright (c) 2025 M. A. Idigo, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, N. E. Nwakoby, V. E. Ike (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mental Health Dynamics and Emotional Responses Before, During, and After Gambling: A Cross-Sectional Study of Male and Female Bettors in Sagamu, Ogun State
Gambling in Nigeria, particularly in Sagamu, Ogun State, has transformed from a recreational activity into a socially embedded coping mechanism driven by complex psychosocial factors. Despite the rapid expansion of betting outlets and online platforms, empirical evidence exploring the emotional, motivational, and contextual dimensions of gambling behaviour remains limited. This study therefore examined the motives, urges, and emotional reactions that sustain gambling among active bettors in Sagamu. A cross-sectional descriptive design was adopted, involving 362 respondents recruited through opportunity and volunteer sampling from local betting hubs. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire combining the Gambling Motives Questionnaire (GMQ-F), Gambling Urge Scale (GUS), and Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), with strong internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.898). Analysis using SPSS v25 employed descriptive statistics, correlation, and multiple regression at a 0.05 significance level. Findings indicated that coping and social motives were dominant, while boredom and peer influence emerged as underexplored but powerful motivators. Although the thrill motive was moderately endorsed (58.8%), half of the participants reported gambling “always” when bored (50.3%). Regression analyses showed that gambling motives and urges weakly predicted emotional reactions, implying that gambling persistence is driven less by financial incentives and more by affective regulation and social reinforcement. The study concludes that gambling in Sagamu represents involves both gender and not the male affairs alone. Also, Gabling is an affective, socially mediated adaptation rather than a purely economic pursuit, calling for targeted psychosocial interventions and policy reforms addressing emotion regulation and structured leisure opportunities.
Gideon Oluwatimilehin Folorunsho-Afolabi
Copyright (c) 2025 James Success Odubia, Ruth Oluranti Oyedepo, Tirenioluwa Oluwapelumi Okugbesan, Abisoye Adefunke Sosanya, Gideon Oluwatimilehin Folorunsho-Afolabi, Taiwo Sarah Jiyah, Ayodeji Amos Oladimeji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Yatapoxvirus Infections in Humans and Primates: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Prevention Strategies
Yatapoxviruses are a genus of double-stranded DNA viruses within the Poxviridae family, primarily infecting non-human primates with occasional zoonotic transmission to humans. The genus comprises the Yaba monkey tumor virus (YMTV) and Tanapox virus (TPV), with Yaba-like disease virus (YLDV) considered a strain of TPV due to high genomic similarity. First identified in Africa in the late 1950s, these viruses are endemic to tropical regions of the continent. Yatapoxviruses possess relatively small, A+T-rich genomes, encoding genes involved in replication, host interaction, and immune evasion, including unique immunomodulatory proteins. Transmission to humans occurs primarily through direct contact with infected animals or contaminated materials, with insect vectors also hypothesized to play a role. Clinical manifestations in humans are typically mild and self-limiting, characterized by febrile illness, localized skin lesions, and lymphadenopathy; YMTV is notably associated with benign histiocytomas in primates. Diagnosis relies on molecular methods like PCR, virus isolation, and serological assays, as early symptoms are non-specific. No specific antiviral treatment exists, so management is supportive, focusing on symptom relief and preventing secondary infections. Prevention centers on avoiding exposure through the use of personal protective equipment for high-risk occupations, maintaining strict hygiene, and implementing animal quarantine protocols. While human-to-human transmission is rare, awareness and biosafety measures are crucial for individuals working with primates. Ongoing research into poxvirus antivirals may yield future therapeutic options, but currently, understanding the ecology and pathogenesis of Yatapoxviruses remains key to preventing sporadic outbreaks.
Copyright (c) 2025 I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, B. C. Unaeze, V. E. Ike, H. C. Nnadozie, S. O. Onyema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sandfly Fever Virus (Phlebovirus): Transmission, Molecular Biology, Epidemiology, and Clinical Management
Sandfly fever viruses, classified within the Phlebovirus genus of the Phenuiviridae family, are emerging pathogens transmitted to humans through the bite of infected phlebotomine sandflies, primarily Phlebotomus papatasi. These enveloped viruses possess a tripartite, negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome. The three segments large (L), medium (M), and small (S) encode the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the envelope glycoproteins (Gn and Gc), and the nucleocapsid protein (N), respectively. The glycoproteins are critical for host cell entry, while the non-structural protein (NSs) encoded by the S segment is a key virulence factor, acting as an interferon antagonist to suppress the host's antiviral immune response. Human infection results in a self-limiting acute febrile illness known as sandfly fever or pappataci fever. After an incubation period of approximately six days, symptoms suddenly appear, including high fever, severe headache, photophobia, myalgia, and conjunctival injection. The illness typically resolves within a few days without specific treatment, though a prolonged period of asthenia may follow. In rare instances, certain strains like Toscana virus can cause more severe neuroinvasive disease, such as meningitis or encephalitis. The geographical distribution of the virus is directly tied to that of its sandfly vector, making it endemic throughout subtropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere, including Southern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and Central Asia. Infections are most common during the warmer summer and temperate months when sandfly activity peaks. Diagnosis relies on PCR for viral RNA detection or serological assays, as commercial tests are limited. Management is supportive, utilizing analgesics and antipyretics. Prevention focuses on vector control through the use of insect repellents, insecticide-treated clothing and bed nets, and public health education, as no licensed vaccine is currently available.
Copyright (c) 2025 I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, B, C. Unaeze, V. E. Ike, H. C. Nnadozie, S. O. Onyema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV), Virology, Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Clinical Management
The Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses (HTLVs) are a group of deltaretroviruses that represent the first identified human retroviruses. Since the discovery of HTLV-1 in 1979, four types (HTLV-1, -2, -3, and -4) have been identified, with HTLV-1 being the most clinically significant. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a highly aggressive malignancy of CD4+ T-cells, and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a chronic, debilitating inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the HTLV family, detailing its unique genomic structure and complex life cycle, which is tightly regulated by viral accessory proteins like Tax and Rex. We explore the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis, including viral persistence and host immune responses. The primary modes of transmission—mother-to-child (predominantly via breastfeeding), sexual contact, and exposure to contaminated blood products—are discussed in detail. The global distribution of HTLV is heterogeneous, with distinct endemic clusters in southwestern Japan, the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of South America. Diagnosis relies on serological screening followed by confirmatory Western Blot and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Currently, no curative antiviral therapy exists; treatment for associated diseases is largely palliative, and prevention strategies focus on screening blood products, promoting safe sexual practices, and advising against breastfeeding by seropositive mothers. This paper synthesizes current knowledge on HTLV, highlighting the ongoing challenges in management and the critical need for effective therapeutic interventions and broader public health initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2023 I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, B, C. Unaeze, V. E. Ike, H. C. Nnadozie, S. O. Onyema (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0