Journal Summary: Scope: Publishes in all areas of Public Health. ISSN: 3115-5677. DOI Prefix: Crossref. Frequency: Quarterly (4 Issues per year). Journal model: Open Access. Article Processing Charges: $30 or #30,500 for local authors. Abstracting & Indexing: Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar, Index Copernicus, Crossref, WorldCat. Type of articles: All kinds of articles including books of abstracts and conference proceedings. Review type: Double-blind peer review. License type: CC BY 4.0. Areas of coverage: Global Health, Epidemiology, Community and Public Health Education, Health Sciences, Health Policy and Management, Environmental Health Sciences, Social and Behavioral Sciences. Submission email: ipsjournal2@gmail.com WhatsApp: +234(0)7039618485
Multilevel Analysis of Socioeconomic and Contextual Determinants of Unsafe Household Waste Disposal in Nasarawa, Nigeria
The problem of municipal solid waste management has been worsened by the fast pace of urbanization in low and middle income countries due to lack of proper infrastructure development. Unsafe methods for the disposal of waste at home, such as open dumping or burning, have been identified to occur commonly in many households. They are known to pose major health and environmental risks. This study aimed at investigating the social and environmental determinants of unsafe household waste disposal in urban communities in North-Central Nigeria using a multilevel logistic regression analysis. A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 612 households from 18 communities. Data were obtained from the participants through the administration of structured questionnaires that sought their socio-demographic characteristics and availability of community waste services. Open dumping or burning was the outcome. Its prevalence rate was 44.3%. There existed considerable heterogeneity across communities (ICC=16.3%). %). In the full model, tertiary education (AOR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.31–0.74), high income (AOR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.36–0.81), awareness of sanitation regulations (AOR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.45–0.89), and household size (AOR=1.08, 95% CI: 1.02–1.14) were significant predictors. In the community level, provision of municipal waste collection service facilities was a protective factor against engaging in unsafe behaviors (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25–0.60), while being farther away from disposal facilities increased the risks (AOR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.18–2.50). Unsafe disposal behaviors are thus determined not only by individual socioeconomic factors but also by community-level structural factors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Edoh John Ofiegocho, S. D. Gyar, Akyala Ishaku https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adaptation into Pidgin English and Validation of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised in Selected Hospitals in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Birth satisfaction is an important indicator of the quality of perinatal care and maternal well-being, yet culturally appropriate tools for assessing it among diverse language groups remain limited. In multilingual settings such as Nigeria, where Nigerian Pidgin is widely spoken across educational levels, adapting the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) into Pidgin English is necessary to improve accessibility and accuracy in measuring women’s birth experiences. This study adapted and validated the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised for perinatal care in Nigerian Pidgin English version among postnatal women in selected hospitals in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. A sequential multiphasicdesign comprising adaptation and validation phases was adopted. Five experts validated the adapted version. Stratified random sampling was used to recruit 706 postnatal mothers from two public and two private hospitals in Owerri Municipal. Data were collected using a four-item demographic questionnaire, the Original English version of the BSS-R, and the adapted Pidgin English. Data collection involved administering the Pidgin English BSS-R first, followed by the criterion tool at 5-minute intervals, after obtaining informed consent and ethical approval. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, expert agreement analysis was used for content validity, Pearson correlation analysis was used for concurrent validity (as a measure of reliability) of the adapted Pidgin English BSS-R. The translation and adaptation process involved forward translation, expert panel review, and back-translation, yielding strong expert agreement on the semantic equivalence of the Pidgin English version and Original English version with a content validity index of 0.940. The concurrent validity between the adapted Pidgin English version and the Original English BSS-R was 0.986. In conclusion, the adapted Nigerian Pidgin English BSS-R demonstrated excellent content validity and strong concurrent validity. The Pidgin English BSS-R should be adopted for clinical practice and research in multilingual Nigerian settings to improve culturally appropriate assessment of maternal birth experiences.
Adaptation, Birth satisfaction, Nigeria, Perinatal care, Pidgin English, Validation
Copyright (c) 2026 Anne Chidinma Nwogu, Ayishetu Musa-Maliki, Yarhere Iroro, Joy Chiamaka Samuel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge and Practice of Umbilical Cord Care among Postnatal Mothers in Zonal Hospital, Okrika, Rivers State, Nigeria
Background: Cord infections account for 10 – 19% of neonatal admissions in Nigeria. Although WHO has recommended the use of Chlorhexidine gel on the umbilical stump, many postnatal mothers in Rivers State still apply substances harmful to the umbilical stump either in conjunction with or instead of the recommended antiseptic. Objective: The aim was to evaluate the knowledge of the importance of the care of the umbilical cord, the substances used and the factors that influence cord care choices among postnatal mothers in Zonal hospital, Okrika. Methods: descriptive cross sectional design. A total of 118 postnatal mothers were accidentally selected after 6 weeks of delivery. A total of 118 questionnaires were issued and 107 were returned (91% return). The Pearson reliability coefficient for the instrument with 26 items, KPDPMUCCQ was 0.910. All data were analysed by frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation (cut-off = 1.50) and Chi square tests at 95% confidence interval. Results: Knowledge very high (grand mean = 1.88). 100% (107 mothers) agreed to keep the cord out of the diaper. Close up toothpaste/methylated spirit (77.6%), herbal solutions (74.8%), Blue Sea Vaseline after stump detachment (97.2%) and penicillin ointment (85.1%) were other concurrent practices used with chlorhexidine gel. The two most important factors for choosing the substance were perceived effectiveness (86.0%) and availability/accessibility (79.4%). The most influential source was health workers (88.8%) followed by family members (76.6%), friends (71.0%) and TBAs (65.4%). Educational background significantly predicted both knowledge (χ² = 12.847, p = 0.005) and substance choice (χ² = 16.847, p = 0.001). The variables tested under H₀₃ – the four factors – were all significant at p ≤ 0.001. Conclusions: High knowledge levels and almost universal uptake of Chlorhexidine are in parallel with the high prevalence of concurrent use of harmful substances, thus highlighting the knowledge-practice gap that education cannot address. To tackle it, messages about cord care need to be disseminated to families, TBAs, and ensure commodity availability at the facility and community levels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ogechi Chukusa, Irinoye Omolola, Collins Nwokoro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Case Report of a Spontaneous Heterotopic Pregnancy with Successful Intrauterine Gestation
Background: Heterotopic pregnancy is a potentially life threatening condition, that occurs when both intrauterine and extra-uterine gestation co-exist. It is rare following spontaneous pregnancy, and the management may be challenging; late diagnosis may lead to maternal and fetal mortality. Objective: We present a case of a 27-year-old G4P0+3 woman with heterotopic gestation. Case Report: She conceived spontaneously, initially presented at tenth week of gestation, defaulted during expectant management, and later had right salpingo-oophorectomy at thirteenth week of gestation. Her presenting complaints were five-week history of both abdominal pain and recurrent vaginal bleeding. Her intrauterine pregnancy was successfully carried to term, when she had an elective caesarean section with good feto-maternal outcome. Conclusion: All efforts must be made to conserve the intrauterine pregnancy, after the complete removal of the ectopic gestation; subsequent follow-up is essential for optimum care.
Copyright (c) 2026 Celestine Umuerri, Olise Ozakpo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Community Antibiotic Access Pathways at Human-Animal-Environmental Interfaces: A One Health Systematic Review of Drivers of Antimicrobial Resistance in Low-Resource Settings
Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the gravest threats to the global health in the twenty-first century, which is disproportionately straining low- and middle-income nations (LMICs). The human animal-environment interface is unregulated by the flow of antibiotic residues, resistance genes, and resistant organisms. In a One Health approach, this systematic review will present the information of 2020-2025 on the community-level pathways of access to antibiotics and the factors associated with AMR in low-resource areas. Methods: It was searched thoroughly in PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Web and also in the WHO Global AMR Databases. They included studies on the access mechanisms, use patterns and AMR drivers in human-animal-environmental interactions of LMICs published within the time period of January 2020 to December 2025. The PRISMA 2020 guidelines were adhered to. Independent review found 26 studies that qualified as per the inclusion criteria. Results: The four interrelated driver domains that were discovered to be community access points to antibiotics; mainly unregulated over-the-counter (OTC) dispensing; agricultural and veterinary antibiotic usage with a lack of control; environmental contamination with pharmaceutical residues, wastewater, and livestock effluents; and structural, socioeconomic and governance failures. Approximately 80% of Antibiotics in LMICs are used at community levels and one-fifth to half is misused. The WHO AWaRe criteria of 70% Access antibiotic use was only met by 14% of studies. Conclusions: There is an economic constraint, weak implementation of the regulations and gaps in the provision of healthcare, which play a pivotal role in the access routes of antibiotics in the communities of LMICs. Coordinated, compassionate, equity-focused One Health approaches that recognize the lived reality of communities on the front lines of this crisis are necessary to address AMR.
: Antimicrobial resistance; One Health; human-animal contact; access to over-the-counter antibiotics; low- and middle-income countries; environmental AMR; antibiotic stewardship; low resource environments
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdullahi Abdulrasheed, Dr. Abdu Bello Gololo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions and Attitudes towards Abortion in the University of Calabar, Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria
Background: The premeditated termination of pregnancy is a complex and highly debated phenomenon with moral, social, cultural, ethical, and legal considerations. Strong anti-abortion laws have not translated into a reduction in the incidences of induce abortions, instead, they have increased the scale of unsafe abortions. Even so, empirical studies on the perceptions and attitudes towards abortion in regions where abortion is illegal remains scanty. Objective: This study determined the perceptions and attitudes towards abortion among undergraduates in the University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria. Methods: The study was a cross-sectional descriptive survey of 339 undergraduates selected using the multi- stage, simple random and convenience sampling techniques. Data was collected using a validated semi-structured questionnaire, and analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics. Descriptive statistics of the data was expressed as frequency and percentages. The association between selected socio-demographic variables of the undergraduates and their attitudes toward abortion was tested using Chi square statistical test at 0.05 significant level. Results: Findings of the study revealed that majority of the respondents, 265(78.20%) had positive perceptions of intentional abortion and positive attitude towards abortion 306(90.30%). The findings of this study also revealed that age, gender, and religious affiliation were not significantly associated with the undergraduates’ attitudes towards abortion. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate a significant shift in public attitude towards the support for the legalization of abortion, especially among young people.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fidelis Takim Otu, Favour Kinyua Dakwan, Antor Odu Ndep, Nuria Silvanus Nwachuku https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluating the Effectiveness of One Health Education Interventions on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceived Competencies among MPH Students in Nigeria: A Systematic Review
Background: The One Health (OH) approach is critical for addressing complex health challenges at the human-animal-environment interface, particularly in Nigeria, where zoonotic diseases are prevalent. Master of Public Health (MPH) students are future leaders in health security, yet the integration of OH into their curricula remains inconsistent. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of OH educational interventions on the knowledge, attitudes, and perceived competencies of MPH and related health science students in Nigeria. Methods: Following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and other relevant databases for studies published up to 2026. Studies evaluating educational interventions (courses, workshops, modules) targeting public health, medical, and veterinary students in Nigeria, with outcomes measuring changes in knowledge, attitudes, or competencies, were included. Results: The review identified significant gaps in baseline OH knowledge among Nigerian students. However, structured educational interventions, such as the 6-week "One Health for Translational Team Science" course, demonstrated substantial improvements. Participants showed statistically significant increases in their confidence to apply OH principles, investigate outbreaks, and work in transdisciplinary teams. Positive shifts in attitudes toward intersectoral collaboration were also consistently reported. Conclusion: Educational interventions are highly effective in improving OH knowledge, attitudes, and competencies among MPH and health science students in Nigeria. To build a resilient public health workforce, Nigerian universities and regulatory bodies must prioritize the systematic integration of OH core competencies into standard MPH curricula.
Copyright (c) 2026 Theresa Ogechukwu Anayochukwu, Abdu Bello Gololo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Acceptance of Insecticide-Treated Nets for Malaria Prevention among Pregnant Women in Omuoko Community, Rivers State, Nigeria
Background: Malaria in pregnancy poses serious risks in Nigeria, including maternal anemia, low birth weight, preterm delivery, and increased mortality. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are a key, cost-effective preventive measure recommended by the World Health Organization for pregnant women in malaria-endemic areas. Utilization, however, remains inconsistent, especially in rural communities with limited healthcare infrastructure. This study evaluated ITN acceptance among pregnant women in Omuoko Community, Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study targeted 100 pregnant women in the community; a sample of 80 was determined using Taro Yamane’s formula (margin of error 0.05) and selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected using a validated, reliable (Pearson r = 0.80) self-structured Likert-scale questionnaire covering socio-demographics, malaria prevention knowledge, ITN acceptance/utilization, and influencing factors. Questionnaires were administered personally over one week, with all 80 retrieved and analyzed in SPSS using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, and chi-square tests. Ethical clearance was obtained from the community chief, with informed consent and confidentiality assured. Results: Participants were mainly aged 30–35 years (43.8%), Christian (93.8%), secondary-educated (62.5%), married (68.8%), and farmers/traders (31.3% each). Acceptance was strong: 90.1% agreed/strongly agreed on ITN ownership, 92.5% on effectiveness, 80% on accessibility, 78.8% on ease of use, and 75% on no side effects. All mean scores (1.575–2.000) were rated “Good.” Conclusion: Pregnant women in this rural setting showed good acceptance of ITNs, with favorable perceptions of their value and practicality. However, barriers such as heat discomfort, hanging challenges, and reliance on traditional birth attendants may limit consistent use. Targeted interventions—improved antenatal distribution, community education, and regular net replenishment—are recommended to bridge the acceptance–utilization gap and reduce malaria burden in similar rural Nigerian communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fortunate Obianuju Ubochi, Udo Orukwowu, Aleruchi Lenchi Oji, Augusta Eleazar Agharandu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Practice of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness and Its Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Mgbundukwu Primary Health Center, Port Harcourt
Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR) remains a critical safe motherhood strategy aimed at reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality by promoting timely access to skilled obstetric care. Despite ongoing efforts to improve maternal health outcomes in Nigeria, preventable maternal deaths persist due to delays in decision-making, transportation challenges, financial constraints, and limited access to skilled providers. This study assessed the factors associated with BPCR among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Mgbundukwu Model Primary Health Center, Port Harcourt, Rivers State. A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted. The target population comprised pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at the facility, with an estimated monthly attendance of 150. Using the Taro Yamane formula and a 10% non-response adjustment, a sample size of 120 was determined. A total of 109 correctly completed questionnaires were analyzed, yielding a response rate of 90.8%. Data were collected using a structured, self-administered questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 25 using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed that most respondents were aged 26–40 years (86.2%), married (89.0%), and had attained at least a Diploma-level education (56.9%). Logistic factors emerged as important determinants of BPCR: 45.9% reported difficulty obtaining transportation at night, and 51.4% experienced traffic congestion en route to the hospital. Financial constraints were also notable, with 27.5% lacking adequate funds for BPCR requirements and 18.3% reporting unstable income. However, cultural and religious barriers were minimal, as only 15.6% believed emergency planning invites misfortune and 8.3% reported cultural resistance to hospital delivery or caesarean section. Family support was strong, with 92.7% reporting spousal involvement and 85.3% having access to potential blood donors. Nonetheless, 29.4% of respondents were unable to confidently identify skilled birth attendants. The study concludes that while socio-cultural resistance is low and family support is high, logistical challenges, financial instability, and knowledge gaps regarding skilled birth attendants significantly influence BPCR in this urban primary healthcare setting. Strengthening antenatal education, improving emergency transport planning, and enhancing financial preparedness strategies are recommended to improve safe delivery outcomes.
Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BPCR)
Copyright (c) 2026 Aleruchi Lenchi Oji, Udo Orukwowu, Bariduduune Gift Giadom, Rose Olunwa Obele, Augusta Eleazar Agharandu, Boma Iweriso George https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Governance and Public Administration of Microbial Infection Control in Nigerian Development Projects
The public administration of microbial infection control within Nigerian developmental projects represents a critical intersection of health governance, policy implementation, and infrastructure development that fundamentally shapes the nation's capacity to achieve sustainable development goals. This comprehensive review examines the administrative structures, policy frameworks, and implementation mechanisms through which infection prevention and control are organised and delivered in the context of Nigeria's developmental agenda. Drawing on recent epidemiological data, policy documents, and case studies from across the country, the analysis reveals significant governance challenges including fragmented coordination across federal, state, and local government levels; chronic underfunding of preventive health services; weak regulatory enforcement permitting widespread antimicrobial misuse; inadequate surveillance systems delaying outbreak detection; and insufficient integration of health considerations into non-health sector development planning. The evidence demonstrates that Nigeria's health system spends less on health as a share of gross domestic product than nearly every other country, with out-of-pocket payments accounting for over 75 percent of total health expenditure, while antimicrobial resistance rates far exceed global averages including 67.8 percent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in tertiary hospitals. Developmental projects, including infrastructure, sanitation, and urban development initiatives, present particular infection control challenges and opportunities, yet Health Impact Assessments remain inconsistently applied and environmental health components receive inadequate attention. The review identifies successful innovations including Jigawa State's accelerated Water, Sanitation and Hygiene programme, Kano State's Infection Prevention and Control clubs initiative, and federal-state partnerships under the Human Capital Opportunities for Prosperity and Equity – Governance Programme. Policy recommendations emphasise strengthening regulatory frameworks and enforcement capacity, integrating health considerations into development planning, investing in surveillance and data systems, building multi-sectoral coordination mechanisms, enhancing transparency and accountability in health governance, and mobilising sustainable domestic financing to reduce reliance on out-of-pocket expenditures. As Nigeria prepares to host the 5th Global High-Level Ministerial Conference on Antimicrobial Resistance, strengthening the public administration of infection control in developmental contexts is essential for protecting population health, ensuring project success, and advancing sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anthony Ejue Egberi, James Kodilichukwu Anekwe, Obioma Davison Mbanefo, Madumelu H. C. Madubueze, Nnamdi Michael Nwadiogbu, Chukwuebuka Stanley Elemuo, Ngozi N. Joe-Ikechebelu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Schematic Review on Policy Implications of Microbial Climate Change Impacts on Nigerian Public Health
This schematic review examines the intricate nexus between climate change and microbial disease patterns in Nigeria, analyzing the public health implications and necessary policy responses. Climate-driven environmental changes—including rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased frequency of extreme weather events—are fundamentally reshaping Nigeria's disease ecology, exacerbating vulnerabilities in a population already burdened by existing health challenges . The review synthesizes current evidence demonstrating how climate factors influence the geographic distribution, transmission dynamics, and severity of major microbial diseases including vector-borne (malaria, dengue), waterborne (cholera, typhoid), zoonotic (Lassa fever), and respiratory infections . Nigeria's adaptation deficits, characterized by weak health systems, inadequate surveillance, and fragmented governance, critically undermine resilience to these climate-amplified microbial threats. The analysis reveals that the most severe impacts disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, including rural communities, urban slum dwellers, women, and children, who face compounded risks from socioeconomic inequities and limited access to healthcare . The review proposes a comprehensive policy framework emphasizing climate-resilient health infrastructure, integrated surveillance systems, strengthened water-sanitation-hygiene (WASH) programs, and intersectoral governance approaches. These recommendations highlight the urgent need for Nigeria-specific adaptations of global climate-health strategies, supported by sustainable financing and community-centered interventions . By translating scientific evidence into actionable policy, Nigeria can build more resilient public health systems capable of addressing the escalating microbial threats intensified by climate change.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nnamdi Michael Nwadiogbu, James Kodilichukwu Anekwe, Obioma Davison Mbanefo, Madumelu H. C. Madubueze, Anthony Ejue Egberi, Chukwuebuka Stanley Elemuo, Ngozi N. Joe-Ikechebelu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Influencing the PMTCT Services Uptake among HIV Positive Women Attending Antenatal and Postnatal Clinics in Adeoyo Maternity Teaching Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
Background: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV can occur during pregnancy, labour, delivery, or breastfeeding in the absence of preventive interventions. The prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) program is a critical strategy to eliminate pediatric HIV infection. Targeting HIV-positive pregnant and postnatal women attending antenatal and postnatal clinics provides an opportunity for implementing evidence-based PMTCT interventions. This study assessed the factors influencing the PMTCT services uptake among HIV positive women attending antenatal and postnatal clinics in Adeoyo maternity teaching hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. Material and Methods: A facility-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 84 HIV-positive pregnant and postnatal women. Respondents were selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, including frequency tables and a four-point Likert rating scale. Results: The study revealed that 76% of respondents had attended a PMTCT program prior to pregnancy, 61% initiated antenatal care (ANC) early, and 71% reported a minimum of four ANC visits. Furthermore, 85% were tested for HIV during pregnancy, 65% were aware of their partner’s HIV status, and 60% disclosed their HIV result to their partners. However, 58% indicated that their partners did not attend PMTCT services. In terms of clinical care, 87% underwent a CD4 test, of which 92% received their results. Facilitating factors influencing PMTCT uptake included community group support, pre- and post-test counseling, male partner involvement, and quality of health services. Conversely, stigma and discrimination, distance to the health facility, and illiteracy were reported as major hindrances. Conclusion/Recommendations: The findings indicate a moderate to high level of PMTCT service uptake among the study population. However, gaps remain in male partner participation and disclosure of HIV status. To strengthen PMTCT uptake, interventions should focus on enhancing male partner involvement, supporting HIV status disclosure, and addressing barriers such as stigma, discrimination, and limited health literacy. Strengthening community-based support systems and improving service delivery quality will further contribute to the elimination of MTCT in Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Temitope Florence Oladokun, Olajumoke Omolewa Anifowose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Maternal and Child Dietary Diversity and Food Security among Households in Rural and Urban Locations in Umuahia North Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria
Background: Maternal and child under-nutrition is responsible for millions of deaths among women of childbearing age and significant disability adjusted life years (DALYs) among children younger than five years. This work was designed to assess the maternal and child dietary diversity and food security among households in rural and urban locations in Umuahia North LGA. Methodology: The respondents were selected using standard methods, the socio-economics, dietary diversity score and food security status were evaluated using standard questionnaires. The statistical analysis was also determined. Results: The results showed that the majority of respondents were married both in rural and urban locations in Umuahia North LGA (91.7%). The educational level of the respondents revealed that 18.0% and 26.6% in the urban and rural area respectively, had secondary education while 31.9% and 21.8% of the respondents in the urban and rural area had tertiary education. All of the respondents (100%) were of the Igbo ethic group, The occupation of the respondents showed that 27.8% of the respondents were civil servants, 16.3% and 11.5% were residing in the urban and rural areas respectively while 26.0% were traders and 15.0% artisans, the family type of 100% of the respondents was monogamy. Monthly income of the respondents showed that 10.9% of rural residents were low-income earners while only 7.1% were high income earners and the urban residents were 25.2% and 24.8% of Middle-income earners and High-income earners, respectively. For respondents’ source of income, 65.1% (30.7% urban and 34.3% rural) received their income source from their husbands, 9.8% of respondents (1.8% in the urban area and 7.9% in the rural area) had a household size of 8 members and above, The research showed that 9.8% and 11.8% of children in urban and rural households, respectively had a low dietary diversity, 13.0% in urban households and 21% in rural households had a medium dietary diversity while 27.2% and 17.2% in the urban and rural households had a high dietary diversity. The food security status of households in rural and urban locations were 15.1% and 28.9% of households in rural and urban locations were food secure and 18.1% of urban households and 18.3% of rural households were mildly food insecure while 2.9% of urban households and 16.6% of rural households were food insecure.
Copyright (c) 2026 C. M. Sampson, H. O. Okudu, V. U. Asumugha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-Demographic Factors and Contraceptive Use among Adolescent and Young Married Girls in Nigeria: Evidence from National Demographic Health Survey
Objective: This study examined the association between socio-demographic characteristics and contraceptive use among adolescent and young married girls aged 15–19 years in Nigeria. Design: Cross sectional secondary data analysis Setting: Nigeria Participants: Adolescent girls aged 15–19 years who were married or cohabiting Interventions: No intervention Main outcome measure: The primary outcome of interest was contraceptive behaviour. Results: Overall contraceptive use was low: 2.6% used modern methods and 0.9% used traditional methods, while 63.6% were non-users with no intention to use contraception. About 34.3% of respondents married before age 15, and 83.4% resided in rural areas. In multivariable analysis, increasing age at marriage was inversely associated with contraceptive use (AOR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.61–0.85). Higher educational attainment significantly increased the odds of contraceptive use, with adolescents having secondary education more likely to use contraception than those with no education (AOR = 4.53; 95% CI: 1.82–11.32). Adolescents from wealthier households had higher odds of contraceptive use, particularly those in the richest wealth quintile (AOR = 9.95; 95% CI: 2.64–37.50). Regional differences were pronounced, with higher contraceptive use observed in the South West and South East compared with North Central. Muslim adolescents were less likely to use contraception than Christians (AOR = 0.25; 95% CI: 0.07–0.95). Conclusion: Contraceptive use among married adolescent girls in Nigeria remains extremely low. Socio-demographic factors including education, region, religion, wealth, and age at marriage significantly influence contraceptive uptake.
Child marriage; Contraceptive use; Adolescents; Sociodemographic factors; Nigeria; NDHS
Copyright (c) 2026 Olubukola Christianah Omobowale, Ademola Marvellous Adeyemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Awareness and Practices of Family Planning Methods in Women Attending York St John University
The process of determining a person's desired number of children, whether or not they want any at all, and when they want them is known as family planning. Family planning decisions may be influenced by a number of factors, including financial conditions, employment or career considerations, and marital status. Therefore, expanding reproductive health and empowering people to make knowledgeable decisions about their reproductive options depend on the availability of inclusive and easily measurable family planning services. The purpose of this study was to assess the family planning services provided to students and investigate the experiences of female York St. John University students with regard to family planning practices. Purposive sampling was used to choose the participants for the study, which used a qualitative research methodology. In-depth interviews and focus groups were used to gather data, and thematic analysis was used to examine the non-numerical data. The accessible family planning services were well-known to the participants. The results of this study will help us better understand how these students experience family planning, and they can be used to improve reproductive healthcare services, improve current practices, and serve as a foundation for future research.
Copyright (c) 2026 U. C. Onyeneho, V. I. Onyeneho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Barriers to Complete Immunization in North-Central Nigeria: The Role of Banditry and Insecurity – A Commentary
Despite decades of investment in childhood immunisation, Nigeria retains the second-largest population of zero-dose children globally, with an estimated 2.3 million children remaining unvaccinated as of 2022. In North-central Nigeria, escalating banditry, kidnapping, and farmer-herder violence have emerged as critical but under-examined structural determinants of immunisation inequity. This commentary examines the multi-level barriers to complete childhood immunisation in this context, drawing on literature published between 2021 and 2025 and applying a socioecological framework. Analysis reveals that insecurity disrupts health system functioning through facility closures, workforce displacement, and cold-chain failures, while simultaneously restricting caregiver access due to fear of violence, population displacement affecting over 2.1 million persons since 2019, and economic hardship. Community trust deficits, amplified by misinformation and sociocultural hesitancy, particularly pronounced in northern states where full immunisation coverage falls below 40%, further impede vaccine uptake. Data gaps in conflict-affected zones obscure the true scale of coverage loss. The commentary calls for security-sensitive, community-centred, and geospatially informed immunisation strategies to reverse these trends and protect the most vulnerable children in North-central Nigeria.
Copyright (c) 2026 Joshua Olusola Ogunniyi, Joseph Adive Seriki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychoeducational Intervention for Reducing Childbirth Anxiety among Pregnant Women in Two Hospitals in Owerri: A Cluster Randomised Trial
Childbirth anxiety negatively impacts maternal well-being and the birth experience. Structured psychoeducation may enhance emotional preparedness and coping among first-time mothers. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a psychoeducational intervention in reducing childbirth anxiety among first-time pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Imo State, Nigeria. A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial design was used, recruiting 254 participants (127 per group) from Federal Medical Centre Owerri (control) and Imo State Specialist Hospital, Umuguma (intervention) through cluster sampling. At baseline (16–20 weeks of gestation), there were no significant demographic differences between groups. The intervention comprised three structured psychoeducational sessions addressing childbirth processes, coping strategies, and emotional regulation, while the control group received routine antenatal care. Data were collected using a demographic survey and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), with a content validity index of 0.815 and a reliability coefficient of 0.870. Only 122 intervention and 118 control participants completed the study. At baseline, all participants exhibited morbid levels of childbirth anxiety. At post-intervention, the intervention group was twice as likely to experience reduced anxiety levels compared with controls (RR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.81–2.38, p = 0.001). Anxiety reduction was significant across women aged 25–31 years (p = 0.004) and among those with secondary and tertiary education (p = 0.005 and p = 0.028, respectively). In conclusion, the psychoeducational intervention effectively reduced childbirth anxiety, particularly among specific age and education subgroups. Integrating structured psychoeducation into routine antenatal care is recommended to enhance maternal psychological well-being and support positive childbirth outcomes.
Antenatal Care, Anxiety, Childbirth, Psychoeducation, Pregnancy, Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2026 Celine Chibuzo Agonsi, Prof. Faith Diorgu, Prof. Patricia Ukaigwe, Dr. Chinemerem Eleke https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Burden of Motorcycle Accidents on Public Health in Nigeria: A Systematic Review
Motorcycle-related Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a significant public health concern in Nigeria, disproportionately affecting young adults and imposing both health and economic burdens. This systematic review aims to evaluate the prevalence, injury patterns, risk factors, and outcomes of motorcycle accidents across the country. Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a comprehensive search of databases including PubMed, Scopus, AJOL, Medline, and Google Scholar was conducted for studies published between 2019 and 2025. Relevant studies were screened and assessed for quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) tools. Motorcycle accidents accounted for up to 54% of all RTAs in Nigeria, with a prevalence rate as high as 68%. Most victims were males aged 20–40 years. Common injuries included limb fractures and head trauma. Major determinants included poor road conditions, inadequate enforcement of traffic regulations, risky riding behaviours, and low helmet usage. Motorcycle accidents in Nigeria are widespread and largely preventable. Addressing this challenge requires a multi-sectoral approach involving infrastructure improvement, stricter enforcement of safety regulations, and public health education initiatives.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bilqis Wuraola Alatishe-Muhammad, Joshua Olusola Ogunniyi, Bola Bamidele Olafimihan, Oladimeji Akeem Bolarinwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spectrum and Frequency of Fungal Isolates Responsible for Subcutaneous Mycoses in Rural Rice-Farming Communities
Background: Subcutaneous mycoses are chronic fungal infections of the dermis and subcutaneous tissues, often resulting from traumatic implantation of environmental fungi. Rice farmers are particularly at risk due to prolonged exposure to moist soil and plant debris. However, data on the spectrum and frequency of causative fungi in Nigerian rice-farming communities are limited. Objective: To determine the spectrum and frequency of fungal isolates responsible for subcutaneous mycoses among rice farmers in Ayamelum Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria, and to evaluate their antifungal susceptibility patterns. Methods: A total of 407 rice farmers were screened for subcutaneous lesions suggestive of fungal infection. Suspected lesions were sampled for fungal isolation, characterized morphologically and molecularly, and tested for susceptibility to eight antifungal agents using the disc diffusion method. Results: Of the 407 farmers screened, 75 (18.4%) presented with suspected lesions, and 39 (52.0%) were confirmed positive for subcutaneous mycoses. Seven fungal species were identified: Meyerozyma carpophila (13.3%), Trichosporon asahii (17.3%), Limtongozyma siamensis (2.7%), Mucor indicus (4.0%), Penicillium brasilianum (5.3%), Pseudopestalotiopsis theae (4.0%), and Penicillium citrinum (5.3%). Prevalence varied significantly across towns, with Omor and Umumbo recording the highest infection rates (100% and 93.8%, respectively). Azole antifungals, particularly econazole and ketoconazole, showed the highest inhibitory activity, while fosfomycin exhibited no effect. Conclusion: Subcutaneous mycoses are an important occupational health concern among rice farmers in Ayamelum L.G.A., with yeasts such as Trichosporon asahii and Meyerozyma carpophila predominating. The observed species diversity and variable antifungal susceptibility underscore the need for accurate laboratory diagnosis and targeted therapy. Public health strategies to reduce occupational exposure and improve early detection are warranted.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stephen Nnaemeka Ezekwueche, Chinelo Ursula Umedum, Ikechukwu Harmony Iheukwumere, Ifeoma Sandra Anagor, Victor Echezona Ike, Chidi Mmaduabuchi Onyeizugbe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Foyer-Associated Enteric Bacteria: Screening for Pathogenic Potential
Enteric bacterial pathogens are a significant threat to public health, particularly in developing countries with inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices. This study aimed to characterize enteric bacterial isolates from environmental samples and determine their pathogenic potential. Bacterial isolates were obtained from environmental samples and characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In vitro pathogenic potential was assessed using hemolysis and Congo red binding assays. Four bacterial species were identified:Escherichia coli strains NE1127 and JKHS016 (ECNE11 and ECJ6), Klebsiella pneumoniae strains 2014C06-125 and Kp2092 (KP2 and KPK2). The isolates exhibited varying levels of hemolytic activity, with ECNE11 and KP2 showing high levels of β-hemolysis (83.33% and 85.71%, respectively). All isolates bound Congo red, indicating biofilm formation potential. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in pathogenic potential among the isolates (p = 0.015). The study highlights the presence of potentially pathogenic enteric bacteria in the environment, posing a risk to public health. There is a need for regular monitoring of environmental samples and implementation of effective control measures. This study provides valuable data on the pathogenic potential of enteric bacteria in environmental samples, emphasizing the need for judicious use of antibiotics and proper waste management practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 I. S. Anagor, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, V. E. Ike, J. N. Ezendianefo, O. Abba, B. C. Unaeze, S. C. Ochibulu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Antibiotic Resistance Hotspots: Investigating Multidrug-Resistant Enteric Bacteria in Foyer
The emergence of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria is a significant public health concern, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to characterize enteric bacterial isolates from environmental samples and determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. Bacterial isolates were obtained from environmental samples and characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Four bacterial species were identified: Escherichia coli strains NE1127 and JKHS016 (ECNE11 and ECJ6), Klebsiella pneumoniae strains 2014C06-125 and Kp2092 (KP2 and KPK2). The isolates exhibited varying levels of resistance to antibiotics, including penicillin (PN), streptomycin (S), cephalexin (CEP), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT), augmentin (AU), and ciprofloxacin (CN). The overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance was 54.72%, with 65.52% of isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in resistance patterns among the isolates (p = 0.021). The study highlights the presence of multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria in the environment, posing a risk to public health. There is a need for regular monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns and implementation of effective control measures. This study provides valuable data on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria in environmental samples, emphasizing the need for judicious use of antibiotics and proper waste management practices.
Copyright (c) 2026 J. N. Ezendianefo, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, V. E. Ike, C. C. Aniekwu, S. C. Ochibulu, O. Abba, P. A. Nnagbo, C. A. Mere https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Frozen Fish as a Source of Antibiotic-Resistant Pathogens: A Public Health Perspective
Enteric bacterial pathogens are a significant threat to public health, particularly in developing countries with inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices.This study aimed to characterize enteric bacterial isolates from environmental samples and determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. Bacterial isolates were obtained from environmental samples and characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method. Four bacterial species were identified: Escherichia coli strains NE1127 and JKHS016 (ECNE11 and ECJ6), Klebsiella pneumoniae strains 2014C06-125 and Kp2092 (KP2 and KPK2). The isolates exhibited varying levels of resistance to antibiotics, including penicillin (PN), streptomycin (S), cephalexin (CEP), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT), augmentin (AU), and ciprofloxacin (CN). The overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance was 60.34%, with 71.43% of isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in resistance patterns among the isolates (p < 0.05). The study highlights the presence of multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria in the environment, posing a risk to public health. There is a need for regular monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns and implementation of effective control measures. This study provides valuable data on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria in environmental samples, emphasizing the need for judicious use of antibiotics and proper waste management practices
Copyright (c) 2026 J. N. Ezendianefo, I. H. Iheukwumere, C. M. Iheukwumere, V. E. Ike, C. C. Aniekwu, S. C. Ochibulu, O. Abba, C. A. Mere, P. A. Nnagbo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Invisible Enemy: A Comprehensive Review of Vector-Borne Parasites in Neglected Tropical Diseases
Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) represent a diverse group of infectious conditions that disproportionately affect over 1.5 billion people globally, primarily in impoverished tropical and subtropical regions. Among these, vector-borne parasitic NTDs constitute a significant subgroup, transmitted through arthropod vectors such as mosquitoes, sand flies, triatomine bugs, and ticks. These diseases, including malaria, dengue, leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis, and Chagas disease, impose devastating health, social, and economic burdens on marginalized communities. This review explores the complex epidemiology, transmission dynamics, and clinical manifestations of key vector-borne parasitic NTDs, emphasizing their disproportionate impact on vulnerable populations. It examines the multifaceted challenges in disease control, including insecticide resistance, climate change, and limited healthcare access. The review also highlights innovative strategies in vector control, diagnostics, and treatment, aligned with the World Health Organization's 2021–2030 road map. Through a synthesis of current research, this paper underscores the urgent need for integrated, multidisciplinary approaches that combine biomedical interventions with socioeconomic support to reduce the global burden of these invisible enemies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Justina Chimezie Akulue https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Knowledge on Hemorrhagic (Lassa and Yellow) Fevers among People Residing around Yankari Game Reserve in Bauchi State, Nigeria
VHFs are those disease conditions that are characterized by nausea and vomiting, headache, general body weakness and finally damage to the internal organs of the infected patients thereby causing cardiovascular malfunction and bleeding. It is common among people living in rodent-infested areas or those interacting with infected wild animals. This study assessed the knowledge of the mode of transmission, preventive measures and signs and symptoms against hemorrhagic fever among people residing around game reserve in Bauchi State, Nigeria. A descriptive research design of survey types was used for the conduct of the study. The instrument used for data collection was researcher researcher-developed questionnaire validated by three experts in the field of public health and health education and a reliability index of .86 was obtained using the split-half method. The consent of the respondents was sought before the data collection. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The results revealed that there was no positive mode of transmission, preventive, and signs and symptoms knowledge against hemorrhagic fever among people residing around Yankari Game reserve, Bauchi State, Nigeria. The study concluded that those living around Yankari game reserve lack preventive measures, modes of transmission and signs and symptoms knowledge against hemorrhagic fever in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
Knowledge, Hemorrhagic, Lassa, Yellow, Fever.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sheriff Sangari Jen, Sani Buba, Sariyu Bukola Oyewole https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bacteriological Analysis of Groundwater in Gombe Metropolis, Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria: Implications for Public Health
Potable water is essential for human development and public health promotion. A higher percentage of water for domestic purposes in Nigeria has been contaminated by pollutants due to human activities. The study was designed to assess the bacterial presence in groundwater in Gombe metropolis, Gombe State. A sample of water was collected for bacteriological analysis. All samples were collected in a sterilised container and taken to the microbiology laboratory for microbiological analysis. The result reveals that the values exceed the recommended limits set by World Health Organisation (WHO) 0cfu/100ml and Nigeria standard of 10cfu/100ml (heterotrophic bacteria) with the highest recorded in Tudun Wada (borehole) with 7.0×194cfu/100ml with the least from both borehole and well in Dawaki with 1.2×104cfu/100ml. Various species of bacteria were identified in the sample of water collected from the sites, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, E. Coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were identified in various sites of the study. The bacterial counts in all the samples of water collected were above the permissible limit for consumption; therefore, not recommended for consumption without treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kabiru Aliyu Baraya, Sani Buba, Elizabeth Andrew Haruna, Jonathan Danna Zumunta, Ahmed Muhammed, Saidu Idris Muhammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Self-Medication with Antibiotics Among Health Science Students of Enugu State University, Nigeria
Self-medication with antibiotics is a global public health challenge and it is one of the major causes of antibiotic resistance especially in low and middle income countries. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and attitudes on self-medication with antibiotics among health science students of Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Nigeria. The study is a descriptive cross-sectional survey of health science students in Enugu State University of Science and Technology (ESUT). Using a pretested self-administered questionnaire, a total of 599 students were surveyed. The study was carried out from February to March 2022. Ethical clearance was obtained before the study commenced. All the data collected were entered into an excel spreadsheet and exported into SPSS (IBM, Corp.) version 25, a descriptive statistics was done. An inferential statistics using chi-square was used and a p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. A total of 599 students participated in the study (55.3% females and 44.7% males) and, one-third of the respondents were from the faculties of Health and Allied Medical Science (36.6%) and Basic Medical Sciences (36.2%), respectively while 27.2% of them were from the faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences. The study revealed that there is a significant association between gender and the respondents’ knowledge of self-medication with antibiotics (ꭓ2(2) =39.267; p=0.000). Also, a significant association exists between age and the respondents’ knowledge of self-medication with antibiotics (ꭓ2(4) =15.021; p=0.005). Furthermore, majority (81.8%) of the respondents had good knowledge while some (11.0%) had fair/moderate knowledge on self-medication. The findings of this study show that majority of the students had good knowledge of self-medication with antibiotics.
Knowledge, Attitude,Self-medication, Antibiotics, Health science students
Copyright (c) 2026 Nnenna Ajagu, Vivian Ezinne Nwankpa, Augustus Obinna Aniekwe, Beatrice Arunsi Kalu, I. Arunsi Kalu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Elucidating the Strengths and Weaknesses of the National Health Fellowship Programme in Onicha Local Government Area of Ebonyi State
National Health Fellowship programme is specially designed by the Federal Ministry of Health and Social Welfare to reform health sector through proactive technical training and self-motivating mentorship. This study elucidated the strengths and weaknesses of the programme in Onicha local government area of Ebonyi state using the capstone projects as Key Performance Indicators (KPI) and the lopsidedness of the government as the weaknesses. Three projects were initiated and completed within the period of June to December 2025. They were public health awareness on diseases associated with old age and management, mental health, open defecation and personal hygiene, and overall quality improvement of some primary health centres. During the capstone projects, a total of 400 people, 200 women and schoolchildren respectively were engaged and used to measure the impact of the awareness. Data were collected with well-structured questionnaire. 12 primary health centres were marked, of which 9 were selected and provided with advisory aid for resuscitation and quality improvement. All data collected were entered into Microsoft Excel and presented in Tables. The mean age of women and schoolchildren were 41 years 6 months and 13 years 4 months respectively, their highest age brackets were within 41-50 years (29.5 %) and 15-17 years (29.5%), majority of the women were farmers (50%) having secondary education as their highest educational attainment (40.5%). Most of the schoolchildren were female (60%), most in junior class (52%) (senior = 48%), 40.5% liked footballing and kept friends. Before sensitization, 64% women were not aware of old age diseases & the management, 84.5% schoolchildren were also not aware of mental health and open defecation but had knowledge of personal hygiene to an extent. 4 health posts were covered by weeds without activities but were revived; durable, rechargeable and bright solar lights were given to 3 health facilities; dilapidated sucker-away pit was reconstructed and refuse dump was abated in one facility respectively while others received facility improvement processes. Lack of defined work-plan for the fellows, inadequate communication with the local government health authority by the federal government and lack of mobility aids were the weaknesses. In conclusion, the programme is impactful and will remain one of the veritable tools to achieve universal health coverage. Specifying the roles of the fellows and informing of the LG authorities are highly recommended for easier workflow.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ikechukwu Ezekiel Emeka, Chioma Felicia Fechi Ujah, Dr. (Mrs.) Ogonna Odi Okoro, Dominic Oko Ogbu, Chibuike Goodluck Nwovu, Emmanuel Olamilekan Omoleye, Kelvin Udim Davies, Queen Aanuoluwapo Omolekulo, Happiness Opeyemi Agboola, Mustapha Lawal, Kenechi Gerald Ike https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
What Is the Risk of Developing a Severe Form of COVID-19 Infection Among Adults Who Currently Smoke Compared to Ex-smokers? Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Introduction: Smoking is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases and poorer outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Although lung function improves after smoking cessation, evidence directly comparing COVID-19 severity between current and former smokers remains limited. Objective: This systematic review aims to synthesize available evidence on the risk of developing severe COVID-19 among current smokers compared with former smokers. Methods and Analysis: This review will follow the PRISMA-P 2015 guidelines. Non-randomized studies published from December 2019 onward will be systematically searched in PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, and Epistemonikos. Additional studies will be identified through grey literature sources, relevant journals, and reference list screening. Eligible studies must report outcomes for both current and former smokers and include at least one marker of severe COVID-19: ICU admission, assisted ventilation, or death. Two reviewers will independently screen studies and extract data. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, and the GRADE framework will be applied to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. Statistical analyses will be conducted using R version 4.3.2. Heterogeneity will be quantified using the I² statistic; a fixed-effect model will be used when heterogeneity is low, and a random-effects model will be applied otherwise. As this review will use published data, ethical approval is not required. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42022368552.
Copyright (c) 2025 Taagbara Jolly Abaate, Prince Abueh Nukoamene https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Availability and Utilization of Psychological Support Services among Cancer Patients in Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH)
Cancer remains a major global health concern and is associated with profound psychological distress that can negatively affect treatment adherence, recovery, and quality of life. Integrating psychological support into oncology care has therefore become a critical component of comprehensive cancer management. This study assessed the availability and utilization of psychological support services among cancer patients at Rivers State University Teaching Hospital (RSUTH), Port Harcourt, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, involving a total of 133 cancer patients who participated through a structured self-administered questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with a criterion mean of 2.5 serving as the benchmark for determining the availability and utilization of services. Findings revealed that several psychological support services were available to cancer patients at RSUTH. These included individual counselling and support groups (M = 3.24), psycho-oncology services (M = 3.13), cognitive behavioral therapy (M = 2.87), family counselling (M = 3.01), palliative care and hospice support (M = 3.32), and mindfulness and stress reduction programs (M = 2.95). Since all mean scores exceeded the criterion benchmark, the results indicate that these services are generally available and moderately utilized by patients. Despite this positive indication, the findings suggest gaps in awareness, accessibility, and routine integration of psychosocial interventions into oncology care. Many patients may still not fully benefit from existing services due to limited information, cultural stigma, or insufficient referral systems. The study concludes that while RSUTH demonstrates encouraging progress toward holistic cancer care, further efforts are required to institutionalize psychological assessment and support as standard practice, thereby enhancing emotional well-being, treatment adherence, and overall quality of life among cancer patients.
Rivers State University Teaching Hospital
Copyright (c) 2025 Aleruchi Lenchi Oji, Udo Orukwowu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessment of Knowledge and Practice of Waste Management among Healthcare Workers in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Background: The risk of exposure to harmful agents by healthcare workers, patients, and the surrounding communities, as well as environmental contamination due to the improper disposal of medical waste, remains a global challenge. Aim: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and practices of healthcare workers regarding medical waste management in Nasarawa State, Nigeria, focusing on issues such as categories, problems related to medical waste, and procedures for handling and disposal. Study Design and Duration: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional questionnaire-based study conducted on healthcare workers between September 2024 to October2024. Methodology: A questionnaire-based study involving 422 healthcare workers was designed having both open-ended and closed-ended items that were divided into three parts as follows: part A: sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents; part B: knowledge of respondents about medical waste management; part C practice of respondents regarding medical waste management. Data obtained from this study were analysed using the chi-square test and the Fisher’s Exact test. Results: The study revealed a good level of knowledge of waste management (95.0%) among the 422 healthcare workers studied. Chi-square analysis revealed that age group (χ² = 86.95, P < 0.05), staff category (χ² = 81.57, P < 0.05), level of education (χ² = 197.68, P< 0.05), years in practice (χ² = 90.87, P < 0.05) and prior training on healthcare waste management (χ² = 195.54, P < 0.05) were all significantly associated with knowledge levels. In contrast, gender was not statistically associated with knowledge (χ² = 0.78, P > 0.05). Conclusion: Although this study revealed a good knowledge of waste management among participants, there are discrepancies in the training, practice of waste management and the absence of waste management and disposal systems in some facilities. There is a need for adequate awareness and training for healthcare workers, especially health attendants and waste handlers. Furthermore, sufficient funding and strict regulations are needed to mitigate the health hazards related to improper healthcare waste management.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ismaila Ibrahim, Mitsan Olley, Daniel Ugbomoiko, David Ishaleku, Rahila Ukwo Usman, Nelson Gideon Maryoms, Mercy Ehi Owoyele, Saidat Folake Bello, Victor Ochapa Aboh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0