Journal of Public Health, Policy, and Society
J Journal of Public Health, Policy, and Society (JPHPS) International • Multidisciplinary • Open-Access The Journal of Public Health, Policy, and Society (JPHPS) is a peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary journal dedicated to advancing research and dialogue at the intersection of health, policy, and society. It publishes innovative studies, reviews, and policy analyses aimed at improving health outcomes, governance, and social well-being worldwide. Aim The aim of JPHPS is to promote evidence-based research and interdisciplinary collaboration that informs health policy, strengthens public health systems, and fosters social justice and equity. The journal seeks to bridge the gap between research, policymaking, and community engagement to support sustainable public health development globally. Scope JPHPS welcomes original research, reviews, and policy papers across diverse disciplines related to: Public health systems and policy development Health law, governance, and ethics Environmental and occupational health Health economics and financing Global health and epidemiology Social determinants of health and equity Community health and health promotion Behavioral and mental health research Education, communication, and health literacy Interdisciplinary approaches to sustainable health By integrating these disciplines, JPHPS serves as a dynamic platform for research exchange, policy innovation, and collaboration across the interconnected domains of public health, governance, and society. Submission email: ipsjournal2@gmail.com WhatsApp: +234(0)7039618485 DOI: 10.54117/jphps Open Access • Peer-Reviewed
Awareness and Perception of Health Outcomes of Indiscriminate Refuse Disposal among Mothers of Children Aged 0–5 Years in Ifite Community, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Background: In Nigerian peri-urban communities, the gap between knowing that refuse causes disease and actually disposing of it safely is wide, persistent, and poorly understood at the local level. Mothers of young children sit at the centre of this problem: they handle household waste daily, they are the primary health gatekeepers for their children, and they bear the consequences — in illness, in medical costs, in reduced capacity to care — when the surrounding environment is insanitary. Ifite community, Awka, is one such setting. This study examines what mothers there know, what they believe, and what they do. Objective: To assess the level of awareness and perception of the health outcomes of indiscriminate refuse disposal among mothers of children aged 0–5 years in Ifite community, Awka South Local Government Area (LGA), Anambra State, and to examine the relationships between awareness, perception, disposal practices, and child health outcomes. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed. A total of 390 mothers of children aged 0–5 years were recruited through multi-stage sampling. Data were collected using a structured, validated questionnaire (reliability coefficient = 0.82). Analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 29, employing descriptive statistics and chi-square tests at α = 0.05. Results: Eighty percent of respondents were aware of health risks associated with poor refuse disposal, yet unsafe practices remained prevalent: open dumping (36.9%) and burning (25.1%) were the most common disposal methods. Only 23.6% used government-approved collection services. Malaria (44.1%) and diarrheal diseases (37.9%) were the most frequently reported illnesses among children. Chi-square analysis demonstrated statistically significant associations between awareness and disposal practices (χ² = 12.64, p = 0.005), perception of severity and child health outcomes (χ² = 15.21, p = 0.004), and refuse disposal practices and child health outcomes (χ² = 18.47, p = 0.001). Conclusions: High awareness and serious risk perception exist in Ifite — but open dumping and burning remain the norm. The gap between knowing and doing is structural, not cognitive: there is nowhere safe to put the refuse, nobody collecting it, and no consequence for dumping it in the road. Closing that gap requires waste collection services, physical infrastructure, and enforced regulations — not more education delivered in the same vacuum.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of Public Health, Policy, and Society
Determinants of Utilisation of Emergency Obstetric Equipment among Healthcare Givers in Bonny LGA
Preventable obstetric emergencies remain a major cause of maternal and newborn deaths, yet many primary health care (PHC) facilities do not have consistently available and functional emergency obstetric care (EmOC) equipment, and referral pathways are often weak. In Bonny LGA, Rivers State, these challenges are intensified by the riverine context, where transport, distance, and communication barriers can delay timely care. Against this background, this study examined the determinants of utilization of EmOC equipment across PHC facilities in the area. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted. Fourteen (14) PHCs were assessed using a facility checklist, and 236 healthcare workers (doctors, nurses, midwives, CHOs and CHEWs) were selected through multistage sampling: proportionate stratified sampling (75% of facility staff strength), purposive selection of eligible cadres, and systematic random sampling within facilities. Data were collected using the Utilization of Basic Obstetric Care Emergency Equipment Questionnaire (UBOCEEQ) with a reliability coefficient of 0.87. The researcher with two Trained assistants administered questionnaires. Data were analyzed in SPSS v26 using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA for hypotheses. It was found that utilization was good (M = 2.70±0.69) but advanced procedures were poorly used (MVA M = 2.26; vacuum extraction M = 2.25). Healthcare workers’ training t(234)=6.434, p<.001; and experience, F(3,232)=15.068, p<.001 influenced utilization. The study concluded that workers’ training and experience are major determinants of utilisation of emergency obstetric equipment. One key recommendation is that public healthcare facilities management should implement continuous on the job training for healthcare workers as this will help to improve appropriate and adequate utilization of emergency obstetric equipment for better service delivery.
Socio-Economic and Cultural Determinants of Prenatal and Postnatal Exercise among Pregnant Women and New Mothers in Obio-Cottage Hospital, Rivers State
Background: Regular prenatal and postnatal exercise is recommended by global health guidelines for its benefits in reducing gestational complications, improving maternal mental health, facilitating labor, and supporting postpartum recovery. However, participation remains low in many low- and middle-income settings, including Nigeria, due to socio-economic constraints, cultural norms, and environmental barriers. This study investigated the socio-economic and cultural determinants of prenatal and postnatal exercise among pregnant women and new mothers attending Obio Cottage Hospital, Rumuobiakani, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods design was employed. In the quantitative phase, a structured questionnaire with socio-demographic items and a 4-point Likert scale on influencing factors was administered to 151 participants (83.9% retrieval rate from 180 distributed). Data were analyzed using frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The qualitative phase involved semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with 20 purposively selected participants, analyzed thematically. Results: The sample was predominantly aged 30–34 years (34.4%), married (57.0%), tertiary-educated (50.3%), employed (45.9%), and residing in urban/semi-urban areas (91.4%). Key socio-economic factors accepted as influential included financial constraints (mean = 2.5), limited access to safe facilities (mean = 2.7), equipment affordability (mean = 2.8), work schedules (mean = 2.7), and family/friend support (mean = 2.6). Cultural factors accepted included community beliefs discouraging exercise (mean = 2.5), lack of female-only spaces (mean = 2.5), and self-consciousness from societal perceptions (mean = 2.7). The belief that exercise harms the baby/mother was rejected (mean = 2.2). Adequate healthcare provider information was positively rated (mean = 2.8). Qualitative themes highlighted intrapersonal barriers (fatigue, time scarcity), environmental limitations (unsafe spaces), cultural norms favoring rest, and facilitators like perceived benefits and support. Conclusion: Socio-economic (financial, access, occupational) and cultural (beliefs, modesty norms) barriers significantly hinder prenatal and postnatal exercise in this setting, consistent with patterns in Nigeria and sub-Saharan Africa. Positive aspects, including awareness of safety and provider support, offer entry points for intervention. Targeted strategies—such as affordable community programs, female-safe spaces, myth-dispelling education, and routine exercise counseling—are recommended to promote uptake and enhance maternal health outcomes.
Utilization Patterns and Barriers to the Use of Insecticide-Treated Nets among Pregnant Women in Omuoko Community, Rivers State, Nigeria
Background: Malaria in pregnancy poses a significant public health threat in Nigeria, especially in rural areas with limited healthcare access. Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are a key preventive measure, yet consistent utilization among pregnant women often remains low despite ownership. Objective: To evaluate utilization patterns and barriers to ITN use among pregnant women in Omuoko Community, Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study targeted all 100 pregnant women in the community. Using Taro Yamane’s formula, a sample of 80 was selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected with a validated, self-structured five-point Likert-scale questionnaire covering socio-demographics, malaria prevention knowledge, ITN utilization, and barriers. Reliability was established at 0.80 via test-retest. Analysis used SPSS for descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations) presented in tables. Results: Respondents were predominantly 30–35 years old (43.8%), Christian (93.8%), secondary-educated (62.5%), and married (68.8%). ITN ownership was high (72.5%), but regular nightly use was low (27.5% agreed/strongly agreed). Many reported occasional use (76.3%) or non-preventive purposes (e.g., as blankets: 51.3%). Major barriers included heat/discomfort (85%), poor ventilation (97.5%), chemical irritation (85.1%), lack of hanging space (82.6%), and large family size (75.1%). Cost was less frequently reported. Conclusion: High ITN ownership in Omuoko Community is undermined by poor consistent utilization, driven mainly by discomfort, environmental factors, and household constraints rather than access issues. To enhance adherence and reduce malaria in pregnancy, interventions should focus on community education, promotion of climate-adapted net designs, integration with traditional birth attendant services, and regular redistribution. These steps are essential for improving ITN effectiveness and supporting Nigeria’s malaria elimination goals.
Seroprevalence of Syphilis Among Pregnant Women in Onitsha, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study
Background: Syphilis remains a significant global public health concern, particularly in pregnancy where it contributes to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Despite ongoing control efforts, the burden of maternal syphilis persists in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Objective: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of syphilis and its association with socio-demographic characteristics, awareness, and medical history among pregnant women in Onitsha, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 125 pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at St. Charles Borromeo Specialist Hospital, Onitsha. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for antibodies against Treponema pallidum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Socio-demographic data, awareness levels, and medical history were obtained using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results: The study recorded a zero prevalence of syphilis (0.0%), with no positive cases detected among all participants. This absence was consistent across all socio-demographic variables including age, marital status, education, occupation, and trimester (p = 1.0). Despite this, 71.2% of participants were aware of syphilis, while 20.8% reported a history of sexually transmitted infections. Additionally, some participants reported potential risk exposures such as prior surgery (23.2%), blood transfusion (5.6%), and needle sharing (3.2%). Conclusion: The absence of syphilis in this study suggests a very low burden of infection in the study population despite the presence of awareness gaps and risk factors. Continued antenatal screening and surveillance are essential to sustain this trend and prevent re-emergence.
Environmental Governance and Microbial Infection Control in Nigerian Ecosystems: Addressing the Policy Implications of Climate Variability
Climate variability has emerged as a critical determinant of microbial infection dynamics, particularly in tropical regions where environmental conditions strongly influence pathogen survival, transmission, and evolution. Nigeria, characterized by diverse ecosystems ranging from mangrove swamps and tropical rainforests to savannahs and semi-arid zones, is highly vulnerable to climate-induced changes that affect the distribution and burden of infectious diseases. Variations in temperature, rainfall patterns, humidity, flooding, and drought have been shown to alter microbial ecology, vector populations, water quality, and human–environment interactions, thereby reshaping infection patterns across communities. This review examines the complex interactions between climate variability and microbial infections within Nigerian ecosystems, with emphasis on bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal pathogens of public health importance. It highlights how climate-driven environmental changes influence pathogen persistence, host susceptibility, transmission routes, and outbreak seasonality. The paper further discusses the implications for disease surveillance, public health preparedness, and ecosystem management, while identifying knowledge gaps and research priorities necessary for developing climate-resilient health strategies in Nigeria.
Urban Governance and Resilience: Integrating Climate Change Mitigation and Microbial Infection Control Policies in Nigerian Cities
Climate change and infectious diseases represent dual threats to public health and sustainable development in Nigeria’s rapidly growing urban areas. This paper examines the critical intersection between climate change mitigation initiatives and microbial infection control in Nigerian cities, arguing for integrated, nature-based, and infrastructure-sensitive approaches. Urbanization intensifies vulnerabilities through overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, pollution, and urban heat island effects, which amplify disease transmission risks while contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. We analyze how climate-driven factors, including increased temperatures, erratic rainfall, flooding, and elevated atmospheric CO₂, influence the ecology, distribution, and virulence of pathogens, contributing to the resurgence of water-borne, vector-borne, and airborne infections. Concurrently, we assess mitigation strategies such as urban greening, sustainable waste management, renewable energy adoption, and green building standards for their potential co-benefits in reducing microbial exposure and enhancing urban resilience. The paper highlights case studies from Lagos, Abuja, and Port Harcourt to illustrate localized challenges and innovations. We conclude that synergistic policy frameworks, which combine emission reduction with public health protection, through improved surveillance, climate-responsive urban planning, community engagement, and investment in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure, are essential for building healthier, more sustainable, and climate-resilient Nigerian cities.
From Crisis Response to Preventive Administration: A Policy Framework for Microbial Surveillance and Antimicrobial Resistance Management in Nigerian Urban Centres
This comprehensive review synthesizes current scientific evidence to evaluate the critical public health threats emanating from urban microbial pollution in Nigeria and assesses the potential of microbial-based surveillance, remediation, and management solutions. Nigeria's rapid urbanization, characterized by overcrowded slums, inadequate sanitation, and overwhelmed waste management systems, has created pervasive reservoirs for pathogens and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes . This review analyzes the composition and health risks of microbial contaminants in key environmental matrices: wastewater canals harboring enteropathogens and non-tuberculous mycobacteria , bioaerosols emitted from waste sites and high-traffic public spaces containing resistant bacteria and fungi , and medical waste streams acting as vectors for AMR dissemination . It identifies that drivers such as the ease of over-the-counter antibiotic access, weak regulatory enforcement, and public knowledge gaps have escalated AMR into a present crisis, straining healthcare and increasing mortality. Crucially, the review advocates for a paradigm shift towards microbial-based intelligence systems, such as wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), as a cornerstone for proactive public health management. WBE provides a cost-effective, community-wide surveillance tool for early outbreak detection and AMR tracking. We propose an integrated "One Health" policy framework that synergizes enhanced microbial surveillance, targeted infrastructure investment in sanitation and affordable housing, strict antimicrobial stewardship, and robust public education. By harnessing microbial data for decision-making and deploying microbiological solutions for environmental remediation, Nigerian urban public health administration can transition from reactive crisis management to sustainable, preventive, and data-driven health security.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Public Health, Policy, and Society
Comprehensive Review: Public Policy and Microbial Air Quality Management in Nigerian Urban Areas
This comprehensive review examines the critical intersection of public policy frameworks and microbial air quality management in Nigeria's rapidly urbanizing environments. Air pollution represents a multifaceted public health crisis in Nigerian cities, with both chemical pollutants and biological contaminants contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. While substantial research has focused on conventional air pollutants like particulate matter and greenhouse gases, microbial air quality—encompassing bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other biological particles—remains inadequately addressed in policy formulation and implementation. This review synthesizes current scientific evidence, analyzes existing policy frameworks, identifies critical gaps in monitoring and regulation, and proposes an integrated approach to microbial air quality management. Evidence indicates that Nigerian urban areas experience elevated microbial concentrations in both indoor and outdoor environments, with healthcare facilities, transportation hubs, and residential areas showing particularly high levels of pathogenic organisms. The policy landscape is fragmented, with overlapping jurisdictions between federal and state agencies, inadequate monitoring infrastructure, and limited public awareness. Effective management requires multisectoral coordination, strategic investment in monitoring technology, community engagement, and evidence-based interventions tailored to Nigeria's unique urban challenges. This review argues that addressing microbial air quality must be prioritized within Nigeria's environmental health agenda to mitigate respiratory infections, reduce healthcare burdens, and advance sustainable urban development goals.
Translating Biochemical Research on Medicinal Plants into Public Health Strategies for Toxicity, Infection, and Chronic Disease
The global health landscape, particularly in resource-limited regions, is defined by a complex syndemic where infectious diseases, non-communicable diseases, and the consequences of environmental degradation intersect. Addressing this triple burden requires innovative, accessible, and sustainable strategies that extend beyond conventional pharmaceutical approaches. This narrative review synthesizes findings from a multi-year research program to construct a translational bridge between the biochemical analysis of indigenous medicinal plants and actionable public health interventions. Our work demonstrates that phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, and alkaloids from specific medicinal plants exert potent protective effects against heavy metal and chemical-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Furthermore, we document how functional foods can ameliorate nutritional anemias and modulate cancer risk. In the face of rising antimicrobial resistance, our research highlights the efficacy of plant-derived compounds and green-synthesized nanoparticles as promising antimicrobial agents. Additionally, certain plant extracts show significant antihypertensive potential, offering insights for managing cardiovascular disease. By integrating these discrete lines of evidence, this review argues that the systematic development of indigenous phytomedicines and nutraceuticals represents a viable, culturally attuned strategy for primary prevention and adjunct therapy. We conclude by outlining a translational roadmap, emphasizing the need for robust clinical validation, safety profiling, and the integration of evidence-based phytotherapeutic knowledge into primary healthcare frameworks to mitigate the multifaceted public health challenges of the 21st century.
Assessment of the Bacteriological Quality of Selected Surface Water Resources in Anambra Central Senatorial Zone Anambra State
This study assessed the bacteriological quality of selected water sources with particular emphasis on coliform bacteria as indicators of faecal contamination. The water samples were collected from 21 towns and villages in Anambra Central Senatorial Zone, Anambra State. They were analyzed for different bacterial groups using standard microbiological procedures. The result revealed that Awka North had the highest total coliform count of 44.33 ± 1.93 with percentage frequency of 16.60 %, Awka South had the highest total faecal Streptococci count of 20.00± 0.00 with percentage frequency of 11.84 %, Dunukofia had the lowest total Staphylococcus count of 1.33± 0.03 with percentage frequency of 0.58 %, Anaocha had lowest total faecal Streptococci count of 1.67± 0.33 with percentage frequency of 1.19 %, Njikoka had the highest total Pseudomonas count of 13.00±2.08 with percentage frequency of 4.92 %, Idemili South had the highest total Bacillus cereus count of 34.00±3.00 with percentage frequency of 14.49 %, Idemili North had the highest total Salmonella- Shigella count of 69.00±5.70 with percentage frequency of 19.90% respectively. Total coliform counts (TCC) in all samples exceeded the permissible limit of zero total coliforms per 100 mL recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for potable water, indicating significant microbial contamination. None of the surface water samples complied with WHO standards, suggesting widespread deterioration of water quality. Elevated faecal coliform and faecal streptococci counts further confirmed substantial faecal pollution, with evidence pointing toward predominant human excreta contamination. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences among sampling sites (F = 2.789, p < 0.0002) and among bacterial groups (F = 4.66, p < 0.0001), indicating spatial variability in contamination levels. Overall, the findings demonstrate that the investigated water sources are microbiologically unsafe for direct human consumption without adequate treatment. The study underscores the urgent need for improved sanitation practices, routine monitoring, and effective water treatment interventions to protect public health.
Fidaxomicin and Xylopia aethiopica: A Combined Strategy against Cholera Pathogens
Vibrio cholerae is a significant pathogen responsible for cholera outbreaks worldwide. The rise of antibiotic-resistant strains has necessitated the search for alternative antimicrobial agents. This study aimed to characterize V. cholerae isolates and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Xylopia aethiopica extract against these isolates, alone and in combination with fidaxomicin. V. cholerae isolates were characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The phytochemical constituents of X. aethiopica extract were analyzed, and its antimicrobial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method. Three V. cholerae O1 biovar El Tor strains (C6709/VCC6, P27459/VCP2, E7946/VCE7) were isolated from stream samples, with VCC6 identified as the most prevalent (p < 0.05). The X. aethiopica extract contained alkaloids, phenolics, and flavonoids. The ethanolic extract (EEX) showed higher inhibition zones against the V. cholerae isolates compared to the aqueous extract (AEX). The combination of X. aethiopica extract with fidaxomicin (FID) showed enhanced antimicrobial activity, with inhibition zones ranging from 21.00-29.00 mm. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in inhibition zones (p < 0.05). The study suggests that X. aethiopica extract has antimicrobial activity against V. cholerae isolates, and its combination with fidaxomicin enhances the inhibitory effect. This study provides valuable data on the antimicrobial activity of X. aethiopica extract against V. cholerae isolates, highlighting its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent against cholera.
Consumer Preference and Microbial Safety of Date Palm and Banana Fruit Vinegar: A Sensory Evaluation
The sensory characteristics and microbiological safety of fruit vinegar are influenced by factors such as raw material quality, production methods, and storage conditions. This study evaluated the microbial quality and sensory profile of vinegar produced from Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) and Musa spp. (banana) and assessed their implications for consumer acceptance. Using standard microbiological techniques, fermentative microorganisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain SR 128 and Acetobacter aceti strain WI, were isolated from spoiled fruits and utilized in submerged fermentation of fruit musts. Microbial quality was assessed using standard plate counting, while sensory evaluation was conducted with a trained panel using a 9-point hedonic scale to measure color, aroma, taste, and overall acceptability. Statistical analysis was performed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s post-hoc test. Results indicated that although variations in microbial loads were observed, differences between the two vinegars were statistically non-significant (p > 0.05), with both complying with established safety standards. Sensory evaluation yielded favorable ratings across all attributes, indicating high consumer acceptability. In conclusion, vinegar derived from date palm and banana exhibits compliant microbial safety and favorable sensory qualities, supporting its suitability for consumer use. The date palm vinegar demonstrated marginally superior overall quality, suggesting a subtle preference advantage.
Lac-Positive Enteric Bacteria in Stream Water: Antibiotic Resistance and Public Health Implications
Stream water contaminated with antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria poses a significant threat to public health, serving as a reservoir for pathogens that can cause waterborne disease and complicate treatment. This study aimed to characterize enteric bacterial isolates from stream water samples and determine their antibiotic resistance patterns. Bacterial isolates were obtained from environmental samples and characterized using cultural, morphological, and biochemical tests. Molecular identification was performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted using the disc diffusion method.. Four bacterial species were identified:Escherichia coli strains NE1127 and JKHS016 (ECNE11 and ECJ6), Klebsiella pneumoniae strains 2014C06-125 and Kp2092 (KP2 and KPK2) The isolates exhibited high levels of resistance to antibiotics, including streptomycin (S), penicillin (PN), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT), augmentin (AU), and ciprofloxacin (CN). The overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance was 63.33%, with 78.95% of isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in resistance patterns among the isolates (p = 0.012). The study highlights the presence of multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria in the environment, posing a risk to public health. There is a need for regular monitoring of antibiotic resistance patterns and implementation of effective control measures. This study provides valuable data on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant enteric bacteria in environmental samples, emphasizing the need for judicious use of antibiotics and proper waste management practices.
Governance and Leadership in Mental Health Service Delivery: A Multi-Centre Study of the Implementation of Nigeria’s Mental Health Act (2021) in Nigeria’s Federal Hospitals
Nigeria’s Mental Health Act (2021) represents a pivotal shift toward rights-based, integrated mental health care, yet its implementation in federal hospitals remains fragmented due to governance challenges, resource constraints, and leadership gaps. This qualitative multi-site qualitative study evaluated the Act’s operationalization in four tertiary federal hospitals (University College Hospital Ibadan, Ahmadu Bello Teaching Hospital Zaria, University of Benin Teaching Hospital Benin City, and Federal Neuropsychiatric Hospital Enugu) through in-depth interviews with 20 mental health practitioners. We employed a tri-pillar compliance lens that integrated governance structures, ethical frameworks, and implementation capacity for the interviews. The study revealed partial compliance, with strengths in policy advocacy by the Chief Medical Directors (CMDs), but persistent barriers included workforce shortages, stigma, and inadequate resource allocation. Thematic analysis highlighted opportunities for CMD-led reforms, such as integrating mental health into primary care and fostering ethical training. Our findings highlight the need for strategic leadership to bridge demand-resource gaps, promoting equitable access and recovery-oriented services. This research offers actionable pathways for CMDs and policymakers to institutionalize the Mental Health Act 2021, enhance mental well-being, and align with global standards
Knowledge of Sickle Cell Disease and Preventive Practices among Couples in Abalama Community, Rivers State, Nigeria
Background: Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) remains a major public health challenge in Nigeria, despite sustained awareness campaigns on genotype testing and premarital counseling. Preventive practices such as premarital screening are often influenced by sociocultural beliefs, misconceptions, and inadequate health education, especially in semi-rural communities. Objective: This study assessed the level of knowledge and preventive practices regarding SCD among couples in Abalama community, Rivers State, Nigeria, to identify existing gaps and inform community-based interventions. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted. Using a multi-stage random sampling technique, 168 couples were selected from nine war canoe houses in Abalama. Data were collected using a validated self-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages). Results: Most respondents (94.1%) had heard of SCD and 95.2% were aware of genotype testing; however, misconceptions persisted, with 13.1% perceiving SCD as a lifelong sickness and 1.8% attributing it to spiritual causes. Although 72.6% of couples reported premarital genotype testing, nearly one-third (27.4%) did not test before marriage. Reasons for non-testing included the belief that testing was unnecessary (40%), lack of perceived risk (23.3%), religious objections (6.6%), and cultural prohibitions (3.3%). Educational attainment was high (81.5% tertiary), yet misconceptions and risk-prone attitudes persisted. Conclusion: The study revealed high awareness but persistent knowledge–practice gaps in SCD prevention among couples in Abalama. Cultural and religious beliefs continue to influence marital and reproductive decisions despite medical awareness. Strengthening community-based education, integrating genetic counseling into primary healthcare, and engaging faith and traditional leaders are crucial for improving preventive practices and reducing the SCD burden in Nigeria.
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Indices of Enteric Bacteria Isolated from Musca domestica
The housefly, Musca domestica, is a synanthropic pest known to mechanically transmit enteric pathogens by moving between filth and human habitats. In the context of increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR), flies can act as vectors and environmental reservoirs for multidrug-resistant bacteria, posing a significant public health risk. This study was undertaken to determine the multiple antibiotic resistance indices of enteric bacteria isolated from Musca domestica. A total of 100 M. domestica specimens were collected from hospital landfill sites, and screened for the presence of enteric bacteria employing standard microbiological technique. In vitro technique using disc diffusion method was used for the susceptibility of the isolates to conventional antibiotics. The enteric bacteria isolated from the samples were Escherichia coli 0157:H7 strain G5295 (ECOH5), Escherichia coli strain 7784 (EC77), Shigella dysenteriae strain 1617 (SD16) and Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Enteritidis strain EC20121765 (SEE20). The study reveals Musca domestica carries multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria with high Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) indices, with isolate EC77 showing the highest MAR index, followed by SEE20, SD16, and ECOH5, indicating a significant public health risk (p < 0.05). This study has revealed that Musca domestica carries multidrug-resistant enteric bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, and Salmonella enterica) with high MAR indices, posing a significant public health risk, emphasizing the need for effective waste management and infection control measures.
Liability for Microbial Contamination: Legal Implications for Industry and Healthcare
Microbial contamination represents a persistent and critical threat to public health, economic stability, and consumer trust. This comprehensive review examines the complex legal landscape of liability arising from microbial contamination across two primary sectors: industry (encompassing pharmaceuticals, medical devices, food and beverage, and cosmetics) and healthcare (focusing on hospital-acquired infections and biocontainment failures). The analysis delves into the foundational legal theories underpinning liability, including negligence, strict liability, breach of warranty, and failure to warn. It explores the distinct regulatory frameworks governing each sector, such as the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) enforced by the FDA and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) conditions of participation for healthcare facilities. Significant case law is analyzed to illustrate how courts adjudicate claims of injury or damage caused by contaminants like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and endotoxins. The review further identifies key challenges in establishing causation and fault, particularly in environments with immunocompromised individuals or complex supply chains. Finally, the paper discusses proactive risk management strategies, including adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), robust Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) protocols, and comprehensive sterilization and environmental monitoring programs, as essential measures for mitigating legal exposure. This review concludes that in an era of increasing regulatory scrutiny and consumer awareness, a robust, science-based approach to contamination control is not merely a operational necessity but a fundamental legal defense.
La Crosse Encephalitis Virus Infection: Transmission Dynamics, Neurological Outcomes, and Strategies for Prevention and Treatment
La Crosse virus (LACV) is a mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus and a significant cause of pediatric viral encephalitis in North America. First isolated in 1960 from a fatal case of encephalitis in La Crosse, Wisconsin, LACV is maintained in an enzootic cycle between the primary vector, Aedes triseriatus (the eastern treehole mosquito), and small mammal amplifier hosts such as chipmunks and squirrels. The virus possesses a tri-segmented, negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome that encodes structural and non-structural proteins, which facilitate viral replication and potent immune evasion. While the majority of human infections are asymptomatic, LACV can cause severe neuroinvasive disease, primarily in children under 16, presenting as meningoencephalitis with symptoms ranging from fever and headache to seizures, coma, and long-term neurological sequelae. Diagnosis relies on serological assays like IgM ELISA and molecular methods such as RT-PCR. No specific antiviral therapy exists, making management supportive and prevention critical. Preventive strategies focus on public education, personal protection against mosquito bites, and environmental management to reduce mosquito breeding sites. This review provides a detailed examination of LACV's history, virology, replication cycle, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic methodologies, and the overarching public health strategies required for its containment. The continued emergence and seasonal recurrence of LACV underscore the necessity for sustained surveillance, vector control, and research into novel therapeutics and vaccines.
St. Louis Encephalitis Virus and Neuroinvasion: Insights into Virology, Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Transmission, Clinical Features, and Global Public Health Impact
St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic to the Americas and a significant cause of arboviral encephalitis. Primarily transmitted by Culex species mosquitoes in an enzootic cycle involving wild birds, SLEV sporadically spills over into human populations, leading to outbreaks of neurological disease. This review aims to synthesize the current understanding of SLEV, encompassing its history, virology, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and prevention strategies. It also highlights the emerging challenges and future directions for research and public health intervention. A comprehensive literature review was conducted using scientific databases (e.g., PubMed, Scopus) to collate information on SLEV's molecular biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and control.Since its identification in 1933, SLEV has caused numerous outbreaks across North and South America. Its single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome encodes a polyprotein that is cleaved into three structural and seven non-structural proteins. The virus's pathogenesis involves neuroinvasion following a mosquito bite, leading to inflammation of the brain parenchyma. Clinical presentation ranges from a mild febrile illness to severe encephalitis, with advanced age being the most significant risk factor for severe disease and mortality. Diagnosis relies on serological assays (e.g., IgM ELISA) and molecular methods (RT-PCR). No specific antiviral treatment exists; management is supportive. Prevention hinges on integrated vector control and personal protective measures against mosquito bites.SLEV remains a persistent public health threat. Its ecological complexity, co-circulation with other flaviviruses, and the challenges of climate change and urbanization necessitate sustained surveillance, robust diagnostic capabilities, and effective public health messaging to mitigate its impact.
Machupo Virus and Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Control Strategies
Machupo virus, a member of the Mammarenavirus genus within the Arenaviridae family, is the etiological agent of Bolivian Hemorrhagic Fever (BHF). This enveloped virus possesses a bi-segmented, single-stranded ambisense RNA genome. The small (S) segment encodes the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) and nucleoprotein (NP), while the large (L) segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L) and the matrix protein (Z). The GPC is cleaved into GP1, which binds the human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1) for cell entry, and GP2, which mediates membrane fusion. Transmission to humans occurs primarily via contact with or inhalation of aerosols from the excreta of the natural rodent reservoir, Calomys callosus. The disease is endemic to the Bolivian plains, with outbreaks often linked to increased rodent populations. Following an incubation period of 7-14 days, BHF presents with non-specific symptoms including fever, headache, myalgia, and anorexia. The illness can progress to severe hemorrhagic manifestations such as epistaxis, hematemesis, and neurological signs like tremors and convulsions, with a mortality rate of 5-30%. Diagnosis is achieved through RT-PCR, antigen-capture ELISA, or serology, though testing requires high-containment biosafety level-4 facilities. Treatment relies on the antiviral ribavirin, which is most effective when administered early. Prevention focuses on public health measures, including rodent control, safe food storage, and the use of personal protective equipment to prevent nosocomial transmission. Currently, no vaccine is available for human use.